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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Strategy to distinguish between a phenotype that results from codominance relative to incomplete dominance
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-Because each genotype has a different phenotype, the inheritance pattern for codominance is generally the same for incompletely dominant alleles. You cannot tell the different just by the ratio of offspring.
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Characteristics that identify a pleiotropic allele
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-Pleiotropy: single genes affect more than one characteristic. In this case, a wide range of pleiotropic effects distinguish that a pleiotropic allele is present.
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Conditions under which Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium is possible in a population.
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-No mutations are occurring
-The population is closed to migration from other populations -The population is infinite in size -All genotypes in the population survive and reproduce equally well -Individuals in the population mate randomly with respect to genotypes |
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General pathway of eukaryotic membrane protein production
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-DNA is in nucleus, alleles get transcribed and leave the nucleus. Attract ribosomes, which take transcripts to ER, translated and packaged into vesicles that go to the golgi apparatus. The packaged into new vesicles that send those proteins to the cell membrane.
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General physiology of skin/hair pigmentation
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-Pigmentation results from the production of melanin. There are 2 kinds: black and yellowy-red melanin. Produced by melanocites, packed into structures called melanosomes. They get exported into the skin cells and hair follicle sites.
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Characteristics of dominant alleles.
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-Dominance happens because of the interaction of the gene products. Dominant allele is on all the time, cAMP is high because of the dominant allele. Dominant allele never actively inhibits the recessive one. In a homozygotes, (for recessive alleles) the allele is always turned off, cAMP levels are low. Not necessarily the most “fit” allele.
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Factors that affect how allele frequencies change over time in a population.
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-In a population, without selection or difference in fitness, allele frequencies will not change very much over time.
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Allele frequencies (p and q), given genotypic frequencies.
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-The starting allele frequencies influence the future allele frequencies.
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Function of various MC1R alleles.
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-Membrane Receptors. Sits in membrane and makes black melanin if cyclic AMP levels are high. Cyclic AMP levels can fall, and then red will be produced. Cyclic AMP levels are high all the time with a B allele. Heterozygotes have some of the black allele and some of the brown allele in the same cell.
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