Bio 100 Final Exam Study Guide Vocab

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monomer

Back 1

A single molecule thatcould be bonded to other monomers to form a polymer

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polymer

Back 2

combination of monomers to create compounds

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Protein,polypeptide, amino acid

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A string of amino acids is a polypeptide, and a group of polypeptidesform proteins

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Enzyme

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a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

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Nucleicacid, nucleotide

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Nucleic acid is a bigpolymer. A nucleotide has three parts. A sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleotide base

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DNA,RNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, both made of strings ofnucleotides.

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Doublehelix

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Shape that DNA is formed in, with pairs of nucleotides

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Gene

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A piece of DNA that contains information for a certain trait.

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Chromosome

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A structure of nucleicacids that contains genetic information. Found in the nucleus of cells

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Genome

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A full set of chromosomes

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Transcription

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RNA polymerase attachesitself to the DNA, reads the genetic code and creates RNA.

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Translation

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RNA polymerase is read by ribosome and creates chain of polypeptides

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MessengerRNA

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RNA that is read by ribosome

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TransferRNA (tRNA)

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Brings amino acids to themRNA for construction of the amino acids

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Ribosome

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Molecules that bind mRNA and tRNA to create polypeptides

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Codon

Back 16

Three nucleotides that form a specific code

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Startcodon

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Codon that signifies the beginning of piece of code. AUG

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Stopcodon

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Codon that ends RNA reading

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Readingframe

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Area that is being read by the ribosome

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mitoticphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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Mitosis: Dividing upgenetic cell material, Cytokinesis: Dividing up cytoplasm

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interphase,G1, S, G2

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Phase of growth and differentiation. G1: Synthesizes mRNA. S duplicatesDNA. Preparation for mitosis.

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p53,BRCA1

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p53 is a protein used to check for misduplication and preventstumor.BRCA1 repair and destroy messed up DNA

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tumor,cancer

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Uncontrollable growth of cells, a malignant tumor is growth that spreadsto other parts of the body, aka cancer. A benign tumor is a growth that doesn’tspread

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Metastasis

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The spread of cancer from one gene to another

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proto-oncogenes,oncogenes

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An oncogene has the potential to cause cancer. Proto oncogenes regulatecell division and perform apoptosis

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AntibioticResistance

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The ability of bacteria to resist antibiotics by overuse of them

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Tuberculosis,TB

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An infectious disease thatcauses the growth of nodules, usually in the lungs.

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Evolution(4 Types)

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The change in frequency of alleles in a population. 1)Mutation 2) Gene Flow 3)Natural Selection 4) Genetic Drift

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Phenotype,genotype

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P: The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from theinteraction of its genotype with the environment. G: A combination of allelesthat make up a trait

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Naturalselection; adaptation

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Natural selection is the changing of alleles to fit what works betterfor their environment. Adaptation is a change to raise the chance of survival.

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Darwin’sfinches

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An example of evolution due to the more effective beaks for their prey

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Lactase,lactose, lactase (non-)persistence, lactose (in)tolerance

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Lactase is an enzyme thatdigests lactose in the small intestine. Lack of this causes pain when it entersthe large intestine

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Speciation

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Development of a new species, separating from a former species

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Biologicalspecies concept

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Species can reproduce fertile offspring with each other

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Allopatricspeciation (discussed in detail; through dispersal or vicariance)

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Species differentiate whenthey are separated and become genetically different.

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Fourstage hypothesis for the origin of life

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1.Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers

2. Abioticsynthesis of organic polymers

3. Formation ofpre-cells

4. Origin ofself-replicating molecules

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Cyanobacteria,oxygenation of the atmosphere

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Cyanobacteria began to perform photosynthesis and began to releaseoxygen.

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Fossils,fossilization

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Fossil are formed with quick burial and slow decomposition. It alsorequires decomposition resistant material, such as bone

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Hormone

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a regulatory substance produced in an organism andtransported in tissue fluids such asblood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.

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androgen,testosterone, estrogen, oxytocin

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Hormones that determine certain gender specific characteristics. Testosterone is male, estrogen is female

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winnereffect

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Success in competitive actions cause a flow of testosteronein the body

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firingrate of neurons

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Neurons transit information by changing the rate of fire

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hippocampus

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Part of brain center for short and long term memory, itconverts short term memory to long termmemory

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memory

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Stored information in the mind

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sensory receptor

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A stimuli that reacts tosomething in the environment of the organism

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sensory neuron

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Neuron that is fired by sensory receptor to brain

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interneuron

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Neuron that connects the sensory neurons and thecentral nervous system

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motor neuron

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Neuron that is used to control motorfunctions(movements)

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dendrite

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Short extension of the nerve cell that receivesimpulses from other cells

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cell body

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Center of cell that produces the proteins for nervecell function

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axon

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Very long parts of cell that can transmit informationlong distances quickly

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synaptic terminal (axon terminal)

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Terminal connects with other dendrites to transmitinformation between cells.

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resting potential

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The level of the membrane potential when the cell isnot acting. Usually around -70mV.

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membrane potential

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The potential difference between the inside andoutside of the cell

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action potential

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Short period of time when the potential of thecell rapidly rises and falls. Top of arch

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optogenetics & relevant terms

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The combination of genetics and optics to controlthe events within specific cells of a tissue

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hyperpolarization

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The change in a cells potential to make it morenegative than the resting potential

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synapse

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A structure that permits nerve cells to passelectrical or chemical signals to other cells.

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presynaptic, postsynaptic membrane

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Part of axon terminal that faces cell receivingthe signal, post = receiving cell

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voltage-gated calcium channels

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Parts of nerve cells that only allow entrance tocalcium ions.

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neurotransmitter

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Chemical substance that isreleased by axon to the synapse of the other cells

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depolarization phase

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The building up of positive ions inside of a cell

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repolarization phase

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When a cell’s membrane potential goes from itspositive peak back to restingpotential

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excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) <|i?

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A potential more likely to fire an action potential

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inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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A potential less likely to fire an action potential

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Ecology

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Study of organism relationships

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Abiotic, biotic

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Abiotic: Factors in an environment that are notorganisms, ex: air, water, soil, sunlight.

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Species distribution

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The manner in which organisms are spatially arrangedin a region

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Chemosynthesis; photosynthesis

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Chemo: The process of turning carbon intonutrients for a organism. Photo: Turning sunlight into energy

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Primary producer (autotroph) – e.g. plants,phytoplankton

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The bottom of the food chain that draws energyfrom abiotic factors

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Primary, secondary, tertiary consumer (heterotrophs)

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A consumer of a primary produceror a consumer lower on the food chain

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Trophic levels

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The position of the organism in the food chain

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Food web & trophic levels (1st, 2nd,3rd etc.)

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Food web shows the path of energy travelthroughout an environment

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Trophic cascade

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An action on one trophic level has a drastic effect ona level that it is not directly associated with

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Bioaccumulation

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Increasing density of a chemical in an organism overTIME

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Biomagnification

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An increase in the density of a chemical withascending trophic levels

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Biodiversity

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The diversity of organisms and the genetic material inan ecosystem

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Interspecific interactions: mutualism, commensalism,parasitism, predation, herbivory

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Mutualism:A relationship in which both parties prosper (+,+)Parasitism:One organism benefits by living on the other, hurting it, but not greatly(+,-)Commensalism:One organism benefits without affecting the other(+,0)Predation:One organism hurts the other(+,-)Herbivory: An organism eats the plants(+,-)

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Community

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Interaction of various species in a common location

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Speciesdiversity (species richness, species evenness)

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The genetic variation within the species themselves as well as differenttypes of organisms.

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Speciescomposition

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The identities of all the different oganisms in a community make up the composition

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Ecosystemservice

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A benefit or positive effect that an ecosystem has for humans

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Population

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The size of species or community in an ecosystem

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Biome

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Ecosystems that have the same abiotic factors(Temp, Precipitation, Soil, etc)

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Habitatloss, habitat fragmentation, invasive species

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The loss of a habitat due to destruction or climate change. It displacesorganisms, and fragments large habitats into smaller ones. Invasive species arespecies that aren’t natural to a habitat that have a negative effect.

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Weather,climate

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The general weather conditions (temperature, precipitation, etc) in an area over a long period.

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Globalclimate change

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A change in global in regional climate over time

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Greenhouseeffect (solar (short-wave) radiation, heat (long-wave) radiation)

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Increased amounts of greenhouse gases trap the reflected sun and radiated heat from the earth causing the atmosphere to heat up

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Greenhousegas

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Primary greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.

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Oceanacidification, pH

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The rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes a decrese in the ph level in the ocean.

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Coralbleaching

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Corals are stressed by changes in conditions, either temperature, light, or nutrients causing them to expel algae and turn white. If the bleaching continues for a long period, the coral die.

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Shiftin the distribution of a species (range shift

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Species shift in location because of climate change

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Mitigation,adaptation

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Mitigation is steps taken to avoid climate change. Adaptation is adapting to that climate change to survive.