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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What characteristics separate living organisms from the non-living world?
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highly organized compared to inanimate
capturing and using energy sensing and responding to envir. reproduce contain at least 1 cell of DNA maintain stable internal envir. traits and characteristics of population changing from generation to generation |
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If life is so "similar" on this planet how and why is it so different? In other words, If life is built on the same principles, how can there be so much diversity?
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"all organism must be equipped to obtain a share of available resources. In large part, diversity in form, function, and behavior represents specialized ways to get and use resources- and to avoid becoming a resource for some other organism"
** Be good enough to track dinner, and not get eaten yourself |
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Explain the relationship between a mutation, natural selection, and evolution.
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Mutation- permanent alteration of DNA base sequence
Natural Selection- most responsive to change. Traits will be passed on with greater frequency to next generation (your positive edge) Evolution- any genetically based phenotype which goes on for generations. Undergo modification. |
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In running experiments, scientists need to follow certain procedures to insure accurate results. Given a simple experiment, be able to identify the control, independent variable, the controlled variables, and the dependent variable.
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control- an exact copy of the experiment, minus the independent variable
independent variable- condition or event being studied dependent variable- conditions that could change because of the presence of the Independent variable controlled variable- can change environment but don't. conditions that could affect the outcome of an environment, but dont. |
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What is the atomic number of this atom (8P 9N 8E)
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8
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Organic
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carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, DNA, vitamins
Anything made by a living cell |
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Inorganic
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anything that CANNOT be made by a living cell
Gold Lead Hydrogen |
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Matter
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Anything that occupies space and has mass
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Elements
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
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Atoms
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the SMALLEST unit of an element
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Chemical Reactions
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when atoms combine with or break apart from other atoms, producing new products with different properties
Rusty Nail gas+gas=Liquid |
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Physical Change
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three states of matter are solid liquid and gas. The movement between is a physical change. NO NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED
Koolaid Gold -> Gold Coins Vapor-water-ice |
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Molecules
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smallest unit you can break a substance into where it still remains its properties in a free state.
Molecules can also be combinations of 2 or 3 |
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Solution
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uniform mixture of two substances
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Solvent
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GREATEST AMOUNT during dissolving
Solvent Solves the Solute Solvent > Solute |
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Solute
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the substance LEAST amount (being dissolved)
Koolaid substance |
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Atomic Number
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# of Protons
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Atomic Weight (mass)
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# of Protons and neutrons
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isotopes
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have MORE NEUTRONS in their nucleus than what is normally found in the atom
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Importance of radioactive isotopes in biology
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They behave identical to the non-radioactive isotopes
They provide a means of studying biochemical pathways (tracers) Therapeutic use |
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Electrons
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have negative charge
found in orbitals around the nucleus of the atom atom stability and bonding |
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What causes atoms to form together?
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full shell- use least energy
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How to achieve stability
(3 Ways) |
give up
gain share |
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Ionic Bonding
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atoms which have GAINED or LOST electrons
becomes a CHARGED atom |
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covalent bonding
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SHARING of elections
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Hydrogen Bonding
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interaction between hydrogen atom and oxygen or nitrogen atom already bonded to a different molecule.
these bonds are weak, but they can cause an attraction or hold molecules together or cause SHAPE/STRUCTURE change Water Polar Molecule |
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Importance of Water
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Solvent Properties- all things in the body must be in solution (taste/smell, exchange of CO2 & O2, absorption of nutrients in digestive system)
suspends large molecules cohesion, high surface tension, movement through plants participate in chemical reactions maintain homeostasis lubricants |
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Free Radicals
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Antioxidants - why we talk about aging
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Carbohydrates
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1. ENERGY
2. Structural and recognition sites (cells talk to themselves) classified by number of SIMPLE sugars monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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What happens when glucose is taken into the body?
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1. Blood Sugar Levels
2. Polymerizes glycogen 3. triglycerides (adipose tissue storage) |
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Calorie
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the amount of heath that will raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade
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lipids
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insoluble in polar molecules
soluble in non-polar molecules 1. energy and energy storage 2. structural waxes, phospholipids, |
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Phospholipid bilayer
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hydrophilic heads on outside
hydrophobic tails inside protein structures across layer |
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Saturated Fats
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no double bonds
flexible stable with single bonds fold up tightly and form solid at room temp |
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unsaturated fats
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contain one or several double bonds.
fairly rigid liquid at room temp |
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Proteins
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20 important amino acids
all part of an R group |
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peptide
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combination of amino acids
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protein
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once it starts DOING something
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What determines what type of protein is formed?
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sequence and numbers
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Difference between primary and tertiary proteins.
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Primary- single strand
tertiary- coiled into a spring |
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Structural Functions of Proteins
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fibrous proteins- collagen sheetlike
tendon, ligament, connective tissue, scales, hair nails feathers, wool globular proteins- cell membranes, hemoglobin, pigments, enzymes, antibodies, insulin |
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Regulatory Functions of Proteins
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hormones- chemical messengers establishing comminication between various parts of the body.
Enzymes- |
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Enzymes
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1.organic catalyst-
2. very specific 3. lower energy of activation 4. facilitate the reaction enzymes never change structure and don't become PART of the rxn. |
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What are monomers, polymers, and dimers?
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molecules
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Why is it better for animals to store energy at fat rather than starch?
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fat is most light weight molecule for storage
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How many different proteins can be made from 20 amino acids?
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50,000
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What is the importance of tertiary structures of proteins?
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the entire function of the protein relies on this structure
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What is denatured
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losing activity of a tertiary protein
CHANGES SHAPE Alcohol disrupts hydrogen bonding changing the shape of the protein (bacteria) allowing for disinfectance to occur |
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What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?
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Fibrous- in animals Fibrous proteins form 'rod' or 'wire' -like shapes and are usually inert structural or storage proteins. They are generally water-insoluble. Fibrous proteins are usually used to construct connective tissues, tendons, bone matrix and muscle fiber.
globular- comprising "globe"-like proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions (where they form colloidal solutions |
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Sterate
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SATURATED only single bonds with hydrogen
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why is it important for a cell to divide before it gets too large?
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the amount of DNA in the cell might not match that of rNA
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
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Which organelles would the following type of cells have the most of?
Muscle cells Cells in Pancreas Skin Cells |
Muscle Cells- Mitochondria
Pancreas- Lysosomes Skin-? |
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Secretion vs. Excretion
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secretion- active processing- released and absorbed
excretion- passive- not everything released is reabsorbed |
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Human cilia vs. single celled cilia
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Human cilia - primary
single celled- secondary |
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The Cell Theory
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1. All living made of cells
2. New cells created by old cell dividing 3. Cell is basic building block of life |
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Cell Size. Why so small?
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surface area and volume are different. Volume increases a ton for the cell to carry out its functions
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Two important implications for the cell due to this uneven growth
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1. any given area of the cell membrane must serve an increased amount of cytoplasm
2. beyond a certain point, inward flow of nutrients and outward flow of wastes won't be fast enough to maintain living conditions inside cell |
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prokaryotic cells
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very simple cells, DNA not enclosed in membrane
much smaller, single celled, only one type of organelle |
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eukaryotic cells
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complex, has nucleus and organelles,
multicellular, many types of organelles, larger, within a membrane |
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Organelle
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membrane sacs or envelopes that serve to compartmentalize the cytoplasm. Prevents interference between chemical reactions. Assume specific roles in repair, maintenance, and control
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Obtain Nutrients
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anything useful in the cell
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absorption
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to bring inside
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digestion
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break down into smaller, useful molecules
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biosynthesis
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synthesis of DNA, duplicatoin of chromosomes
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excretion
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waste is eliminated from cell
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secretion
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process of elaborating, releasing, oozing chemicals. Substance may have a specific function
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reproduction
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make more of the same
make more individuals |
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irritability
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respond to a stimulus
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cellular respiration
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obtain useful energy from carbohydrates
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metabolism
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sum total of all cell chemistry
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Cell Membrane
Structure and Function |
Sturcture- phospholipid bilayer
Function- Shape/barrier/regulator |
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Cell Wall
Structure and Function |
S- Plasma Membrane- strength and structure- cellulose and lignin
F- limit water uptake, maintain shape, protectoin |
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Nucleus
Function |
F- holds DNA
Replicates/synthesizes DNA |
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Cytosol
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physically think, semitransparent, elastic fluid
chemically- 75-90% Water with dissolved proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic molecules, functionally- substance in which chemical reactions can occur |
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Cytoskeleton
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internal network of protein filaments that gives shape to a cell and keeps its internal parts organized. aid in movement
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Ribosomes
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protein synthesis
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mitochondria
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power plant
take in food and turn it into ATP Protein Synthesis |
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Vesicles
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specialized contained that contain specific enzymes or that transport proteins and other chemicals through the cell
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Vacuole
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large, centrally located contained in plant cells used to regulate plant cell metabolism and water levels
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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network of tubules folded and interconnected
smooth ER- side of lipid synthesis inactivated harmful chemicals or metabolic waste products Rough ER- protein processing |
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Golgi Complex
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packages stores ships
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lysosomes
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waste disposal system
digests large molecules expels large molecules outside cell |
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plastids
(plants only) |
specialized vacuoles for photosynthesis and storage
chloroplasts- chlorophyll photosynthesis chromoplasts- color amyloplasts- starch storage, no color |
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differences between plant and animal cells
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plant- large central vacuole
cell wall plastids and chlorophyll animal- many small specific vessicles, no cell wall or plastids |
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cell movement
cilia vs. flagella |
cilia- hair like move back and forth
flagella- tail like move |
