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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is heat?
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total kinectic energy due to the molecular motion in a body
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What is kinetic energy?
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energy of motion
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What is the definition of temperature?
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the measure of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body
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What is specific heat?
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the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
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what is a calorie?
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the amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
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surface tension?
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measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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cohesion?
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phenomenon of a substance being held together by H-bonding
ex) water to water - creates surface tension |
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adhesion?
why is this important? what is this called in plants? |
phenomenon of a substance sticking to another substance by H-bonding
ex) water to another polar substance like glass - facilitates movement of water up plants - capillary action (imbibition) moves water up into small spaces |
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water supports life on earth....
4 ways |
1. 3/4 earth covered by water
2. life evolved in water 3. 70-95 % of body made of water 4. water exists in all 3 physical states |
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5 ways water is advantageous to life..
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1. high solubility
2. low density of ice 3. high heat of vaporization 4. high specific heat 5. high cohesive and adhesive forces |
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vaporization?
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transformation from a liquid to a gas
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heat of vaporization?
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amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to the gaseous state
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what type of process is evaporation?
endo or exo....why what type of process is condensation? |
endothermic...cooling process...requires energy which is pulled from skin or surroundings
exothermic- liquid colls and environment heats...energy released |
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heat of fusion?
how is this advantageous to the environment? |
the energy it takes to change from a solid to a liquid
with water- it helps regulate temperature |
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how does water's density change?
advantages? |
density increases as temp is decreased until 4 celsius, where the density begans to decrease with the temperature
ice floats- prevents deep bodies from freezing ice insulates water and releases heat as it melts |
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solution?
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a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
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solvent?
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the substance in greater amount in a solution
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solute?
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the substance in lesser amount in a solution
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why is water a good solvent?
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b/c of its ability to form H bonds and b/c it is polar....will gather closely around ions and polar molecules
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what happens during the ionization of water?
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spontaneous formation of ions....water undergoes this every 1/550 million molecules
H20+ H20= H3O+ + OH- |
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what is an acid?
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a substance that liberates H+ ions in solution
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what is a base?
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a substance that liberates OH- ions in solution
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what is ph?
how is the scale based? |
- ph is the measure of the H+ ion concentration
- it is the negative log of the H+ concentration -based on a scale of 10 |
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who came up with theory of evolution?
what are the main points? |
charles darwin
-natural selection genetic variation exists |
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hierachial levels of organization....
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atoms-molecules-organelles-cells-tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms
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emergent properties?
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properties that emerge at each higher level of organization
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Schleiden and Schwann?
Hooke? |
cell theory- all living things made of cells and cells can only be made from preexisting cells
-saw first cells in cork |
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matter?
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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mass?
weight? |
a measure of the amount of matter in an object - same on diff planets
- due to gravitational pull |
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element?
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substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chamical means
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compound?
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a pure substance composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio and has unique properties
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molecule?
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2 or more atoms held together by covalent bond
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atom?
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smallest unit of matter with physical and chemical properties
proton- +, 1 dalton neutron- neutral "" electron- - no mass |
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energy?
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the capacity to do work
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hydrogen bond?
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the attraction between a partially + charged H atom (which is bonded to an electronegative element) and an electronegative atom in another molecule
- very weak, but collectively very strong and very important |
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organic molecules contain....
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carbon
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hydrocarbons?
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contain only hydrogen and carbon
- fossil fuels, lipids,hydrophobic |
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isomer?
2 types |
compounds with same molecular formula but with different structures and properties- source of chemical variation
structural- differnet arrangement of atoms - carbon skeleton different geometric- share same covalent relationships but differ in spatial arrangement- b/c of double bonds |
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functional groups-
OH C=O |
oh- hydroxy- polar,h20 S,called alcohols
c=o-carbonyl- polar, h20 S, called sugars.... aldehyde- bound at end ketone- bound in middle of C skeleton |
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functional groups
COOH NH2 |
COOH- carboxyl, polar, h20 S, readily doantes H+, molecules called coarboxylic acids
NH2- amino group- polar, h20 S, may take up H+, molecules called amines |
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functional group
PO3 SH CH3 |
phosphate- polar, H20 S, acidic properties, important in cellular energy storage and transfer
sulfhydral- stabilizes proteins by forming disulfide bridges methyl group- nonpolar, hyrdophobic |
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types of polymerization reactions
condensation reaction hydolysis |
polym- rxn which links 2 or more monomers(subunits)
cond- links 2 molecules with the removal of a h2o hydol- breaks linkage with water |
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carbs- structure/function
functional groups? building blocks? |
many C-H bonds...EF= CH20
good for energy storage groups- alcohol(OH) and aldehyde (C=O) -monosaccharides-straight chain or ring disaccahrides- glycosidic linkage poly- starch and glycogen- many starches are branched making them insoluble |
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structural forms of polysaccahrides?
alpha beta |
a- found in starch
b- found in cellulose |
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lipids
monomers? functional groups? |
triglycerides
monomers- 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids functional- glycerol is a 3 C alcohol fatty acid- COOH- acts as organic acid hydorcarbon chain |
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lipids
linkage structure (sat or unsat, poly unsat) |
ester linkage- formed between OH and COOH groups during condensation rxn
structure- saturated- no double or triple C bonds- holds all H atoms possible- solid at rm temp- animal fat unsaturated- double or triple bonds are present- some H atoms missing- usually liquid at rm temp- plant fat polyunsaturated- more than 1 doubl or triple bond |
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lipid characteristics
function kinds |
hydrophobic
storage- up to 2x as much as starch with less weight insulation cushion phospholipids steroids |
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7 functions of proteins
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enzyme catalysis
defense transport support motion regualtion storage |
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proteins
monomer? linkage? |
mono- amino acid (amino and carboxyl group (COOH) and R group)
- 20 amino acids peptide bond- formed by conden rxn (covalent bond linking amineo & carboxyl groups) rigid bonds |
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4 different structures of proteins?
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primary- amino acid sequence
secondary- alpha helix or beta pleated sheet tertiary- 3D shape- do to van der waals forces(weak interactions)- H bonding, ionic bonds b/w charged side chains, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions quaternary- # of polypeptide chains making up the protein |
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nucleic acid polymers and linkage?
types |
phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and a nucleotide and a sugar
DNA- double stranded, genetic material RNA- single, uses info for protein synthesis |
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cell fractionation?
how is this done? |
ability to isolate various parts of a cell's contents for study
centrifugation |
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advantages of comparmentalization
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different enzymes in diff compartments can allow diff reactions to take place w/o interfering with one another
can have different environmental conditions |
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nucleus
nucleolus chromosomes |
double membrane bound with different proteins in each layer
close to center of cell-controls activities of the cell nucleolus- packages ribosomal subunits chromosomes- condensed chromatin |
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ribosomes
composed of? locations? functions? |
composed of rRNA and protein
in cytoplasm, free, or bound protein synthesis free- make proteins that fucntion in cytosol bound- make proteins that export or inclusion in membranes |
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endoplasmic reticulum?
smooth? 4 main functions rough?3 main functions |
system of channels
smooth- no ribosomes- makes lipid, phospholipids and steroids detoxifies drugs and poisons stores calcium ions, metabolizes carbs rough- has ribosomes- makes secretory proteins, glycoproteins, and more membrane |
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golgi apparatus
lysosomes vacuoules |
- finishes, sorts,and ships
lysosomes- digestive organelles intercecllular digestion- phagocytosis recylce cell's organic material programmed call destruction -- food, contractile, central vacuole |
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mitochondria
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double membrane bound
makes ATP cristae- inner membrane |
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chloroplasts
function membrane spaces |
contain chlorphyll
converts light energy to chemical energy in plants double membrane bound 3 spaces- intermembrane, thylakoid, and stroma |
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cytoskeleton
function 3 types |
support and mobility
microtubules- support, separation of chromosomes microfilaments- support, muscle contraction intermediate filaments- reinforce shape, fix organelle position |
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plasma membrane
function structure |
separates the living cell from the environment
can self-assemble selectively perrmeable phospholipid, proteins, and cholesterol |
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singer membrane model
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membrane fluidity -phospholipids and proteins can move in membrane but not from layer to later
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what affects membrane fluidity?
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cholesterol
prevents tight packing to worl properly with enzymes and remain permeable- membrane must remain fluid |
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the fluid mosaic model
integral proteins peripheral proteins |
integral- transmembrane- hydro philic and phobic regions
peripheral- not embedded at all loosely bound to surface |
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role of membrane proteins
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reinforce shape of cell- framework
on cytoplasm side- can connect to cytoskeleton exterior side- can attach to extracellular matrix |
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cell to cell recogntion
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by carbohydrates located on surface
rejection of foreign bodies, vary between individuals |
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transport proteins
examples |
integral proteins that transport specific molecules or ions across a membrane
ex) water channel proteins (aquaprorin) Na\K pump |
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traffic across the membrane
polar non polar molecules |
polar- small enough to pass b/w membrane lipids
larger molecules will not pass through membrane ions have great difficulty passing through membrane nonpolar- dissolve in membrane and pass with ease - smaller molecules pass the easiest |
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passive transport
diffusion osmosis |
diffusion across a membrane down a concentration gradient
diffusion- movement from high conce to lower conc osmosis- mvmt of water from high to low |
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion of solutes across a membrane with the help of transport proteins
helps diffusion of polar molecules and proteins very specific proteins require no energy |
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facilitated diffusion can be slowed down by
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saturation of proteins
competitive inhibitors |
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active transport
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mvmt of a substance across a membrane with the help of a protein carrier and cellular energy
- helps maintain conc gradient ex) Na-K pump 3 na out , 2 k in |
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membrane potential drives....
what do ion pumps do? |
passive diffusion of ions across a membrane
ion pumps henerate voltage across the membrane |
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electrochemical gradient
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diffusion gradient that results from combunes effects of membrane potential and concentration gradient
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electrogenic pump
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transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
voltage created is source of enery for cellular work |
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cotransport
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process of a single ATP powered pump actively tansporting 1 solute and indirectly transporting another solute against its concentration gradient
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exocytosis
endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis |
exporting macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of a vescicle with plasma membrane
importing macromolecules into a cell by forming vesicle derived from mb - phagocytosis- solid matter - pinocytosis- fluid - receptor mediated- allows a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific material that may be in low concentration in the environment |
