Bio 083 - Chapter 22

Front 1

Sporophyte

Back 1

a diploid plant that produces haploid spores that make gametophytes. The spores are produced by meiosis

Front 2

Gametophyte

Back 2

Produces gametes that form sporophytes. The gametes are produced by mitosis.

Front 3

bryophyte

Back 3

mosses and their relatives; non vascular plants unlike other plants these organisms do not contain vascular tissues, or specialised tissues that conduct water. they can only be a few centimeters tall and absorb water by osmosis. Their reproductive cycle is dependant on water

Front 4

rhizoid

Back 4

"roots" for mosses. long thin cells that anchor them in the ground and absorbs water and minerals.

Front 5

Gemma(S) Gemmae(P)

Back 5

small multicellular reproductive structures in liverworts. Used to reproduce asexually.

Front 6

protonema

Back 6

A young gametophyte that forms a mass of tangled fillaments called protonema. The protonema grows rhiziods that grow into the ground and shoots that grow into the gametophyte moss.

Front 7

antheridium(S) Antheridia(P)

archegonium(S) Archegonia(P)

Back 7

1. Structure that produces sperm with whiplike tails in gametopohyte mosses

2. Structure that produces eggs cells in gametophyte mosses

Some species produce both on the same plant.

Front 8

vascular tissue

Back 8

Transport system which is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant

Front 9

tracheid

Back 9

Cells specialized to transport water in early plants. They are hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure. They are connected end to end like a series of drinking straws. They allow water to move through a plant more efficiently than diffusion alone

Front 10

xylem

Back 10

a transport system used to transport water upwards from to roots to the rest of the plant.

Front 11

phloem

Back 11

a secondary transport system that moves nutrients into the roots for storage.

Front 12

lignin

Back 12

A substance that makes cell walls rigid, and enables vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights.

Front 13

root

Back 13

underground organs that absorb water and minerals. Water-conducting tissues are located at the center of the root.

Front 14

leaves

Back 14

photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue. This vascular tissue is made of veins of xylem and phloem

Front 15

vein

Back 15

made of xylem and phloem that is a transport system.

Front 16

stem

Back 16

supporting structure that connects roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients inbetween them

Front 17

rhizome

Back 17

underground stems. It is not a root.

Front 18

frond

Back 18

The large leaf of a fern

Front 19

sporangium

Back 19

small containers found in clusters called sori underneath the frond

Front 20

sorus(S) Sori(P)

Back 20

clusters of sporangium found on the bottom side of the frond

Front 21

What are the 2 types of seed plants?

Back 21

Gymosperms: bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones.

Angiosperms: also called flowering plants, bear their seed within a layer of tissue that protects it

Front 22

cone

Back 22

Seed bearing structures of gymnosperms.

Front 23

flower

Back 23

seed bearing structures of angiosperms.

Front 24

pollen grain

Back 24

In seed plants the entire male gametophyte is contained in this tiny structure.

Front 25

pollination

Back 25

The process in which pollen is carried by wind, insects or alternative methods to the female reproductive structures.

Front 26

seed

Back 26

an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by food.

Front 27

embryo

Back 27

an organism in its early stages of development. In plants the embryo is diploid and is the early stage for the sporophyte.

Front 28

seed coat

Back 28

protects the embryo and keeps the content of the seed from drying out.

Front 29

fruit

Back 29

a wall of tissue surrounding the seed.

Front 30

monocot

Back 30

only contains one cotyledon

Front 31

dicot

Back 31

contains 2 cotyledon

Front 32

cotyledon

Back 32

the first leaf or the first piar of leaves produced by the embryo of the plant.

Front 33

annual

Back 33

Have a life cycle in one growth season

Front 34

biennial

Back 34

In the first year they grow short stems and sometimes leaves. during the second year they produce flowers and seeds. they die after they produce flowers.

Front 35

perennial

Back 35

can live through many years. some have herbacious stems that die and regrow the next year.

Front 36

diecious

Back 36

(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.

Front 37

saprobe

Back 37

an organism that gets its nourishment from inorganic or decaying organic matter

Front 38

What are the different types of bryophytes and what phylum do they belong to?

Back 38

Mosses : Bryophyta

Liverworts : Hepaticophyta

Hornworts : Anthocerophyta

Front 39

Describe the lifecycles of bryophytes

Back 39

The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the bryophyte lifecycle and carries out the most photosynthesis. The gametophytes for male and female structures called "antheridia(male)" and "archegonia(female)". sexual reproduction is water dependant. Once a zygote forms a sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte from the zygote. The sporophyte matures and grows spores that will spread and grow new gametophytes.

Front 40

What are the uses of sphagnum mosses?

Back 40

acts as a natural sponge and when dead forms peat, which can be burnt for fuel or added to gardens to increase the water retention of the soil. It is very acidic.

Front 41

What are the three types of seedless vascular plants and what phylum do they belong to?

Back 41

Club mosses : Lycophyta

Horsetails : arthophyta

Ferns : Pterophyta

Front 42

club mosses

Back 42

Phylum lycophyta. ancient club mosses grew into huge trees up to 35 meters tall. some produces huge forests that are now huge beds of coal. Club mosses now live in moist forests.

Genus lycopodium looks like miniature pine trees and are called "ground pines"

Front 43

Horsetails

Back 43

Phylum Arthophyta. The only living genus of this phylum is "equisetum".

Front 44

Life cycle of fern and phylum

Back 44

Phylum: pterophyta

it has a diploid sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophyte stage. The sporophyte stage is the dominant form, and produces spores that make gametophytes. The gametophytes need water to reproduce, and the antheridia and archegonia are found on the underside of the gametophyte.

Front 45

what are the four types of gymnosperms

Back 45

Gnetophytes

cycads

ginkgoes (only contains 1 species "ginkobiloba"

conifers

Front 46

woody and herbaceous plant charactarisation

Back 46

woody plants are more woody. Herbacrous plants never grow any wood despite its size.