Bio-06-Energy And Enzymes

Front 1

What is metabolism?

Back 1

The sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell.

Front 2

____ is the sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell.

Back 2

Metabolism

Front 3

What are the two types of metabolism and what do they do?

Back 3

Anabolism- synthesis reactions
Catabolism- decomposition reactions

Front 4

What happens during Anabolism?

Back 4

Synthesis reactions (building something)

Front 5

What happens during Catabolism?

Back 5

Decomposition reactions (breaking something down)

Front 6

Energy is the capacity to do ____.

Back 6

Work

Front 7

What are the different types of energy?

Back 7

Potential
Kinetic
Chemical
Radiation
Nuclear
Heat

Front 8

Potential energy is ____ energy.

Back 8

Stored

Front 9

Kinetic energy is ____ energy.

Back 9

Moving

Front 10

What is heat energy measured in?

Back 10

kilocalories (kcal)

Front 11

One calorie is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temp of ____ by ____.

Back 11

1 g of water by 1 degree C

Front 12

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Back 12

Energy is never destroyed or created.
Energy cannot be lost-only converted

Front 13

On a platform a diver has____ ____ energy.

Back 13

more potential

Front 14

Diving converts ____ energy into ____ energy.

Back 14

potential, kinetic

Front 15

In the water, a diver has ____ ____ energy.

Back 15

less potential

Front 16

Climbing up a ladder converts ____ to ____ energy.

Back 16

kinetic, potential

Front 17

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Back 17

Disorder is more likely than order.
Entropy is always increasing.

Front 18

What does entropy mean?

Back 18

Disorder in the universe

Front 19

Disorder happens _____ while organization requires ____.

Back 19

Spontaneously, energy

Front 20

What are the two types of chemical reactions and what does each do?

Back 20

Exergonic reaction- a reaction that releases energy

Endergonic reaction- a reaction requiring an input of energy

Front 21

What is an exergonic reaction?

Back 21

A chemical reaction that releases energy

Front 22

What is an endergonic reaction?

Back 22

A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy

Front 23

What type of chemical reaction releases energy?

Back 23

Exergonic reaction

Front 24

What type of chemical reaction requires an input of energy?

Back 24

Endergonic reaction

Front 25

The amount of energy needed for a reaction to proceed is called ____.

Back 25

Free energy change

Front 26

Photosynthesis is an example of what type of chemical reaction and why?

Back 26

Endergonic reaction, because it requires an input of energy. The sun.

Front 27

With glucose synthesis, free energy change =

Back 27

+ 686 kcal/mole

Front 28

With glucose breakdown, free energy change =

Back 28

- 686 kcal/mole

Front 29

____ is energy needed to get a reaction started.

Back 29

Activation energy

Front 30

What are catalysts?

Back 30

Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction.

Front 31

Catalysts are almost always ____.

Back 31

Enzymes

Front 32

What substances lower the activation energy of a reaction.

Back 32

Catalysts/Enzymes

Front 33

In cells the energy from ____ reactions is used to fuel ____ reactions.

Back 33

exergonic, endergonic

Front 34

What does ATP stand for?

Back 34

Adenosine tri-phosphate

Front 35

The molecule that transfers energy in a cell is _____.

Back 35

Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)

Front 36

What is the structure of ATP?

Back 36

Ribose (5-carbon sugar) + adenine + 3 phosphates

Front 37

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

Back 37

In the bonds between the 3 phosphates.

Front 38

What are four characteristics of enzymes?

Back 38

Most are proteins
They are very specific
They lower the activation energy required for a reaction
They are not changed or consumed by the reaction

Front 39

What is the spot called where a substrate and enzyme bind?

Back 39

Active site

Front 40

Enzymes only accelerate what?

Back 40

One particular reaction

Front 41

What do enzymes react with?

Back 41

Substrates

Front 42

When the substrate bonds to the enzymes active site, what is formed?

Back 42

Enzyme-substrate complex

Front 43

Can enzymes be reused?

Back 43

Yes

Front 44

Enzymes do not...

Back 44

Add energy to a reaction
Change the free energy change
Change the equilibrium
Get changed in the net reaction

Front 45

What are released when the substrates break their bond with the enzyme?

Back 45

Products

Front 46

Enzyme reaction rate is influenced by what factors?

Back 46

Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Environment
Regulatory molecules

Front 47

What is the optimum temperature for a human enzyme?

Back 47

37 degrees C

Front 48

What is the optimum pH level for a human enzyme?

Back 48

neutral or about 6.8 pH

Front 49

____ are molecules that bind to the enzyme and decrease activity.

Back 49

Inhibitors

Front 50

What are inhibitors?

Back 50

They are molecules that bind to the enzyme and decrease activity.

Front 51

What are the two types of inhibitors and where do they bind?

Back 51

Competitive- bind at the same active site
Noncompetitive- bind to the allosteric site, away from the active site

Front 52

What is an allosteric site?

Back 52

A site for an inhibitor to bind away from the active site.

Front 53

Where do competitive inhibitors bind?

Back 53

At the active site

Front 54

Where do noncompetitive inhibitors bind?

Back 54

At the allosteric away from the enzyme's active site

Front 55

What are molecules that bind to enzymes and increase activity?

Back 55

Activators

Front 56

What are activators?

Back 56

They are molecules that bind to an enzyme and increase activity

Front 57

What are non-protein molecule/atoms required for enzyme activity?

Back 57

Cofactors

Front 58

What are cofactors?

Back 58

They are non-protein molecule/atoms required for enzyme activity

Front 59

What is the purpose of inhibitors and activators?

Back 59

To regulate how much of a product is formed

Front 60

Enzymes are found in pathways, what does this mean?

Back 60

Where the product of one enzyme is the substrate of another, and that product is the substrate of another and so on.

Front 61

What is feedback inhibition?

Back 61

When the initial enzyme is inhibited by the final product.

Front 62

When an initial enzyme is inhibited by the final product it is known as _____.

Back 62

Feedback inhibition

Front 63

Enzymes that use inhibitors are always turned ____ until turned ____.

Back 63

on, off

Front 64

Enzymes that use activators are always turnded ____ until turned ____.

Back 64

off, on

Front 65

Energy is never lost or created is the ____ Law of Thermodynamics.

Back 65

First

Front 66

Energy cannot be lost - only converted is the ____ Law of Thermodynamics.

Back 66

First

Front 67

The sum of all enerty is always the same is the ____ Law of Thermodynamics.

Back 67

First

Front 68

Disorder is more likely than order is the ____ Law of Thermodynamics.

Back 68

Second

Front 69

Entropy is always increasing is the ____ Law of Thermodynamics.

Back 69

Second