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134 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Zajonc, R.
Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
Zimbardo, P.
Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
Freud
Psychoanalysis (UC)
Defense Mechanisms
Developmental Stages
Id, Ego, Superego
Free Association
Jung
Psychoanalysis (UC)
Levels of Psyche - Conscious Ego
Personal/Collective Unconscious
Psychological types (attitudes)
Personality multi-faceted
Adler
Individual Psychology (UC)
Inferiority/Superiority
Masculine/Feminine Protest
World View affects goals and priorites set in life
Horney
Psychosocial Psychology (UC)
Basic Evil->Basic Hostility->Basic Anxiety
Compulsive Drives (Neurotic Needs and Adjustments)
Intrapsychic conflicts (Idealized Self, Self hatred, Externalization)
Feminine Psychology (womb envy)
Allport
Trait Theory (C)
Common Traits/Individual Dispositions
“The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought” =personality
Catell
Trait Theory (C,UC)
Factor Analysis
Surface/Source Traits
Erikson
Psychosocial
Developmental Stages
Crises
Skinner
Scientific Behaviorism
Operant Conditioning
Bandura and Mischel
Social Cognitive learning (C)
Observational Learning
Psychopathology
Delayed Gratification
Kelly
Personality Constructs (C)
Person as Scientist
CPC Cycle for Novel Situations
Creativity Cycle for New solutoins (when Previous templates don't work)
Maslow
Individual Psychology
Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological, Safety, Love & Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualized)
D-Motivation
B-motivation
Jonah Complex
Learning
permenant or stable change in behavior as the result of experience.
Thorndike
Law of Effect
-precurser of operant conditioning
-people do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't.
Lewen
Theory of Association
-forerunner of behaviorism
-grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
-teaching an org. to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a non-neutral stimulus.
-salivating dog
Skinner
Operant Conditioning
-instrumental conditioning
-influence through the use of reinforcement
-skinner box
UCS
Unconditioned Stimulus
-normally occuring
CS
Conditioned to occur
UCR
Normally occuring response
CR
Conditioned to occur
4 methods of Stimulus Presentation
1. Stimulus Conditioning
2. High/Second Order
3. Forward Conditioning
4. Backward Conditioning
Stimulus Conditioning
Presented together
High/Second Order
previous conditioned stimulus now acts as the UCS
Shaping
reinforcement for successive approximations
Primary Reinforcement
reinforcing on its own
ie. food or water
Secondary Reinforcement
Learned reinforcement
ie, money
Negative Reinforcement
reinforcement through the removal of something
2 Differences between neg. reinforcement and punishment
-NR encourages behavior, punishment discourages it.
-NR removes a negative even, punishment introduces it.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
set number of responses
Fixed interval Schedule
set time
Variable Ratio Sched.
variable set of correct responses
variable interval Schedule
variable time of correct responses
Heider, Osgood, Festing
Homeostasis Theories
Balance,Conguity & Cog. Dissonance Theory
-people are motivated by a desire to be balance in their feelings and actions
Hull
Performance = Drive x Habitat
First motivated by drive then by old successful habits.
Tolman, Vroom
Expectancy Theory
Performance = Exp. x Value
-people are motivated by goals they believe are attainable
Murray, McClellend
Need for Achievment Theory
nAch
motivated by a need to achieve success
Miller
Approach-Avoidance Theory
the further one is from a goal they focus on the pros. The closer they are they focus on the cons
Hedonism
Motivation to avoid pain and pursue pleasure
Premack Principle
people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves after completion
Hebb
medium amount of arousal is best for performance
Yerkes-Dodson Effect
Optimum arousal is never at the extremes. Inverted U shape
Undergeneralization
failure to generalize a stimulus
Response Learning
one learns what to do in response to a trigger
ie. Fire alarm
Aversive Conditioning
Neg. reinforcement to control behavior
Autoshaping
experiment using an apparatus allowing animals to control its reinforcements through behavior.
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll
Modelling
Garcia Effect
Evolutionary Programming
animals are programed to make connections through evolution.
ie, rat nausea
Hull-Spense Theory
Discrimination Learning
can learn to respond differently to different stimuli
Language
meaningful arrangement of sound
Phonemes
discreet sounds that make up words but have no meaning on their own.
Morphemes
made up of phonemes
smallest units of meaning
ie, boy, or -ing
Syntax
arrangement of words into sentences
Grammer
rules of the interrelationships b/w morphemes and syntax
Prosody
tone or inflection
Chomsky
Transformational Grrammer
Surface and Deep Structure
Overregularization
overapplication of grammar rules
Overextension
generalizing names
Telegraphic Speech
speech w/out articles or extras
"me go"
Holophastic Speech
one word to convey who meaning
Ben Whorf
Whorfian Hypothesis
culture influences language
Brown
Children self-correct language with experience
Nelson
language begins with the onset of active speech
Labov
Ebonics
Black language
Osgood
studied symantics and created differential charts
-good............Bad-
3 Stages of Memory
Sensory, Shortterm, Longterm
Sensory Memory
lasts only seconds
Iconic or echoic
Sperling
Iconic Memory
-sensory memory for vision
-we see more then we remember
Neisser
Icon
lasts about 1 second
Short-Term Memory
-lasts seconds or minutes
-capacity for 7 +_2
-chunking items can increase capacity
-largely auditory and items encoded phonologically
-rehearsal will keep things in STM
Primary Rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
-repeating material to hold in STM
Secondary Rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal to transfer to LTM
Allan Paivio
Dual-Code Hypothesis
Items are better remembers if encoded visually and semantically.
Craik and Lockhart
learning and recall depend on depth of processing
Paired Associate Learning
behaviorist
one item learned with and then cues another
Elizabeth Loftus
memory of traumatic events is altered by the way that questions about the event are asked.
Karl Lashley
memories stored diffusely in the brain.
Donald Hebb
memory involves synapse and neural pathway change making a memory tree.
Brenda Milner
Patient HM who was given a lesion in the hippocampus to treat epilepsy. Could not add anything to LTM
Factors Helping Memory Retrieval
acoustic dissimilarity
semantic dissimilarity
brevity
familiarity
concreteness
meaning
subject importance
Savings
how much info remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time.
Encoding Specificity Principle
material is more likely to be remembered if recalled in same context it was stored.
Episodic Memory
details, events
Semantic Memory
general knowledge
Herman Ebbinghouse
studied memory semantically -used lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
-Forgetting curve that drops sharply and then levels off in slight downward trend
Bartlett
-memory is reconstructive.
-people are more likely to remember ideas or semantics rather then details or grammar.
Decay/Trace Theory
Memories fade with time
Interferance Theory
competing info blocks retrieval
Eidetic Memory
Photographic Memory
Ziegarnik Effect
recollection is better for uncompleted tasks then completed ones.
Cognitive Psyc.
study of thinking, processing, and reasoning.
Concept
how one represents the relationship b/w two things
Mental Set
preconcieved notion of how to look at a problem
Schema
cognitive structure that includes ideas about events or objects and attributes that accompany them
Script
idea about the way events typically unfold
Prototype
representative or usual type of event or object
Insight
new perspective on an old problem
Heuristic
problem solving strategy that uses rule of thumb or shortcut based on what has worked previously
Deductive Reasoning
specific conclusion that must follow from the info given
Inductive Reasoning
general rules that are inferred from specifics
Logical Reasoning Errors
Atmosphere Effect
Semantic Effect
Confirmation Bias
Atmosphere Effect
conclusion is influenced by the way info is phrased
Semantic Effect
believing in conclusions b/c of what you know or thing to be true rather then what logically follows from the info given
Confirmation Bias
Remembering and using info that confirms what you already know.
Reaction Time
used in cognitive testing
Stroop Effect
decreased speed in naming the color of ink used to print words when the words themselves are different colors
Bottom-Up Processing
data driven
recognizing an item from data or details
Top Down Processing
guided by larger concepts
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Physical---Emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Physical II; Emotional
(occur simultaneously)
Cognitive Theory of Emotion
Schacter/Singer
physical--thoughts--emotion
Nativist Theory
perception and cognition are largely innate
Structuralist Theory
Perception is the sum tolal of sensory input
Gestalt Psychology
People see the world as organized wholes
Absolute Threshold
minimum amount of stimuli that can be detected 50% of the tiime
Weber
Differential Threshold
just noticeable difference
minimum diff necessary for detection of a change in intensity
Terminal Threshold
upper limit after which stimuli cannot be detected
Intensity Perception Theories
Weber's Law
Fechner's Law
J.A. Swets Theory of Signal Detection
Weber's Law
A stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction in order to be noticed as noticably different
Fechner's Law
the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produced a slight difference in sensation
J.A. Swet
Theory of Signal Detection
sees motivation as a factor in signal detection
Dichotic Presentation
used in studies of selective attention
Lorenz, Tinbergen & von Frisch
Nobel prize winners in ethology
Lorenz
known for his work with imprinting, animal aggression, releasing stimuli and fixed action patterns
Imprinting
displayed by a following response
Releasing Stimuli
automatic, instinctual fixed action patterns
4 Defining Characteristics of Fixed Action Patterns
uniform patterns
perf. by maj.of the species
complex
can't be interupted
Tinbergen
Stickleback Fish
Hering Gull Chicks
Frisch
Studied honeybees
Cannon
coined fight or flight
Genes
basic unit of heredit
made up of DNA
organized into chromosomes
Gamete
sperm or ovum
haploid
23 single chromosomes
Zygote
pertilized egg cell
diploid
23 pairs of chromosomes