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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Kelley - People consider 3 things when they make attributions.
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Consistency-same way over time.
Distinctiveness-Unique to situation. Consensus-How do others behave. *Internal=high consistency, low distinctiveness and consensus *External=high in all |
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Abramson and Alloy
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Depressed persons are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals than are persons with normal mood.
Non-depressed have "illusion of control." Depressed are "sadder but wiser." |
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One of the most significant problems resulting from the fundamental attribution bias.
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Blaming the Victim
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Availability Heuristic
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People estimate the likelihood of a situation by how easily they can recall it.
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Representative Heuristic
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People make judgements about people or events based on what they believe is a typical example of a particular category.
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Simulation Heuristic
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People develop mental images of situations and then use these mental images to make judgements about facts in their lives.
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Kelley's Personal Construct Theory
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People are scientists.
Views people as active and future oriented. |
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Self-Verification Theory
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Swann
People are motivated to confirm their self-concept, even if it is negative. |
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Behavioral Confirmation
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People are motivated to confirm the expectations that others have of them.
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Self-Enhancement Theory
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People are motivated to think favorably of themselves and behave in ways that cause others to see them favorably as well.
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Sleeper Effect
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Involves people forgetting the source of communication over time, but remembering the message.
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Fear
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Message must engender a lot of fear, be believable, and specific instructions for avoiding the danger must be offered.
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Schacter's Two Factor Theory
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Experience of emotion is a function of both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (external cues)
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Need Complimentarity
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People often choose partners who are different in terms of personality.
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JW Berry
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Assimilation(whole sale taking on of majority culture)
Separation(Only own culture) Integration(own and majority culture) Marginalization(not own culture and not majority culture) |
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RR Troiden - Gay and Lesbian Identity Development
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Sensitization-before puberty
Identity Confusion-17-18y.o. homosexual feelings, but denial Identity Assumption-19-22 y.o. Manage social stigma. Homosexual identity, but negative feelings. Commitment-22-23 y.o. Integration. |
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Minority Identity Development Model
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Conformity-prefers dominant culture
Dissonance-appreciate aspects of minority and question dominant Resistance(Immersion)-prefer minority Introspection-deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings Integrative Awareness-Appreciative and critical of both |
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Cross's Model of Black Identity Development
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Preencounter(conformity)
Encounter(dissonance) Immersion-Emersion(resistance) Internalization(integrative awareness) Internalization-Commitment |
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Helm's White Racial Identity Model
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Contact-don't recognize racism and white privilege
Disintegration-uncomfortable with racism Reintegration-white identity and superiority Pseudo-Independence-Questioning racism Immersion/Emersion-self examination and information seeking Autonomy-new definition of being white and openness |
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New Entrants into the Work Force that are Minority
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1/3
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Embryonic Period
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2 weeks to 8 to 12 weeks
Almost all birth defects occur during the first trimester. |
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Fetal Period
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8 to 12 weeks until birth
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Overall, humans exhibit less than other species.
It is clearly evident in the human brain that SD exists. |
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Moro Reflex
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Baby extends legs, arms, and fingers and arches the back in response to being startled.
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Babinski Reflex
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Baby spreads out toes and twists foot when the sole of foot is stroked.
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Social Smile
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Emerges at 2 months.
Infant smiles when a face is presented. |
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Brain at Birth
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25 to 33% of adult size
2 y.o.-75% 5 y.o.-90% Significant plasticity or flexibility in functioning until 7 or 8 y.o. |
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Handedness and Footedness
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Established by 7 or 8 y.o.
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Social Buffer Hypothesis
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A good support network can reduce the risk of emtional distress. Not so much the size of the network, but the person's perception of having an adequate social network.
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First Word
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10 to 14 months
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Holophrasic Speech
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12 to 18 months
Babies use a single word or syllable to express a complete thought. |
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Phoneme
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smallest unit of speech
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morpheme
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smallest meaningful unit of speech
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Telegraphic Speech
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18 to 24 months
Child puts together two words to express an idea |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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0-2
Object Permanence Symbolic Representation |
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Preoperational Stage
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2-7
Intuitive Thinking Egocentrism Animism Phenomenalistic Causality Irreversability Centration |
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Concrete Operational Stage
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7-11
Operational Thought Serialization Conservation |
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Formal Operational Stage
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11+
Abstract Concepts Metacognition |
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Criticism of Piaget
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Underestimated childrens' abilities.
Did not sufficiently address cultural and educational influences on cognitive development. |
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Vygotsky's Social Development Theory of Cognition
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Cognitive development results from social interaction.
Emphasized the influence of adults more than Piaget. Zone of Proximal Development-development level just above child's current level (instruction targetted here) Scaffolding and Reciprocal Teaching |
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Short Term Memory
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Primary Memory-passive holding tank
Working Memory-briefly holds and manipulates info (declines with age) |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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Linked to cognitive development.
Heteronomous Morality-5 to 10; constraint dominates and think rigidly about morality. Autonomous Morality-10+; morality of cooperation and flexibility. |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
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Cognitive Development
Preconventional Morality-4 to 10 y.o. punishment and reward. Conventional Morality-10 to 13 y.o. Approval PostConventional Morality-13+ Right, fair, and just |
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Kochanska
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Development of conscience in children is related to early temperment and parenting styles.
(high inhibitory control and low impulsivity) |
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Oral Phase
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0-1
trust vs. mistrust (hope) |
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Anal Phase
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1-3
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Will) |
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Phallic Phase
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3-5
Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose) |
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Latency Phase
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6-12
Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence) |
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Genital Phase
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12-18
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity) |
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Normal Infantile Autism
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Mahler
1st month Baby is unaware of external world. |
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Symbiosis
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Mahler
2-4 months baby and mother are one |
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Differentiation
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Mahler
5-10 months stranger anxiety |
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Practicing
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Mahler
10-16 months ability to physically separate from the mother. Separation Anxiety |
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Rapprochement
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Mahler
16-24 months need for mother to share child's new skills and experiences |
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Object Constancy
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Mahler
2-3 years Ability to maintain image of mother when she is not present. Ability to unify the good and bad into a whole representation. |
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Children of Authoritarian Parents
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Moody, irritable, discontented, withdrawn, distrustful, aggressive, and tend to have more bx disorders.
"Conflicted Irritable" |
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Children of Permissive Indifferent Parents
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poor self-control, are demanding, minimally compliant, and have poor interpersonal skills.
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Children of Permissive Indulgent Parents
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impulsive, immature, and out of control.
"impulsive-aggressive" |
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Children of Authoritative Parents
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competent, confident, independent, cooperative, and at ease in social situations.
"energetic friendly self reliant" |
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Stages of Gender Role Development
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Gender Roles
Gender Identity (3 y.o.) Gender Constancy (5 or 6 y.o.) |
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Racial Awareness
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3 or 4 y.o.
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Solitary Play
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2 y.o.
Child plays alone. |
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Parallel Play
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2 y.o.
Child plays independently, but next to other children. |
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Associative Play
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2-3 y.o.
Interacts with other children and shares toys. |
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Cooperative Play
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2-3 y.o.
Child is part of a group that has some common goal. |
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Social Referencing
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1 y.o.
Child uses cues from another person, such as mother, to deal with affective uncertainty. |
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Mental Retardation
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IQ<70
deficits in adaptive functioning in 2 areas (communication, self-care, home living, social skills, use of community resources, self-direction, academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety) Onset before 18 Test=Vineland Prenatal (Embryonic) More common in males |
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Learning Disorder
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Must be a significant discrepancy (1 to 2 SD) between IQ and academic achievement.
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Stuttering
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Considered normal until 2 or 3 y.o.
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Pervasive Developmental Disorders
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Severe and pervasive problems in several areas of development including: reciprocal social interactions, communication, or presence of stereotyped bx, interests, and activities.
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Autistic Disorder
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PDD
Impairment in communication, social interaction, and a restricted repertoire of activities. Onset before 3 y.o. Prognosis best=late onset, higher IQ, when child speaks before 5 y.o. 4 to 5 xs in males. |
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Rett's Disorder
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PDD
Only females. Between 5 and 48 months, sudden deceleration of head growth, stereotyped hand movements, social disengagement, and poorly coordinated movements. Impaired language development and psychomotor retardation. |
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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PDD
Normal development for 2 years. Loss of acquired skills in 2 areas: language, social skills, play, motor skills, and bowel/bladder control. Abnormalities in 2: social interaction, communication, restriction of bx, interests, and activities. More common in males. |
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Asperger's Disorder
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PDD
Impairment in social interaction and a restricted repertoire of bx, but no language delays or cognitive delays. More common in males. |
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ADHD
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Persistent pattern (6 months) of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Some sx must have been present before 7 y.o. Impairment must occur in at least 2 settings.
6-9 times more in males |
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Schizophrenia
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Presence of 2: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic bx, and negative sx. Only 1 sx is required if delusions are bizarre, hallucinations involve running commentary, or if 2 or more voices are conversing.
Person must be functioning at a level markedly below normal. At least 6 months. |
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Schizophrenia, Catatonic Type
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Motoric immobility, excessive and purposeless motor activity, negativism or mutism, peculiarities of voluntary movement, echolalia.
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Schizophrenia, Undifferentiated Type
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Meets dx for schizophrenia, but does not meet criteria for any other subtype.
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Schizophrenia, Residual Type
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Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized/catatonic bx, but continuing evidence of schizophrenia such as, negative sx.
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Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type
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Preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations
No prominent disorganized speech, catatonic bx, flat or inappropriate affect. |
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To Determine Schizophrenia Subtype
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Catatonic
Disorganized Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual |
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Schizophrenic Brains
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Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles
Smaller cerebral cortex Smaller thalamus Decreased frontal lobe activity |
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Identical to schizophrenia, but lasts 1 to 6 months.
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Delusional Disorder
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Non-bizarre delusions of at least one month's duration.
Bx is relatively unimpaired and is not obviously odd. |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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One or more: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic bx. Lasts 1 day to 1 month.
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Somatization Disorder
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Hx of recurrent and multiple somatic complaints, which begins before age 30, and is of at least several years duration.
More common in women. |
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Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder
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When there are one or more physical complaints that cannot be fully explained medically and the duration is at least 6 months.
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Conversion Disorder
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One or more sx or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition.
More common in women. ex. paralysis Enables pt. to keep ucs conflict out of awareness. |
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Factitious Disorder
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Physical or psychological sx that are intentionally produced.
Assume sick role. |
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Cluster A
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Odd, Eccentric
Paranoid PD Schizoid PD Schizotypal PD |
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Cluster B
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Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic
Antisocial PD Borderline PD Histrionic PD Narcissistic PD |
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Cluster C
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Anxious and Fearful
Avoidant PD Dependent PD Obsessive Compulsive PD |
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Borderline Intellectual Functioning
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IQ = 71 to 84
Coded on Axis II |
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Recent Memory
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LTM
Intermediate Memory lasts 2 weeks |
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Remote Memory
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LTM
Lasts 2 years or more. |
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Spearman
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Intelligence is a single factor.
"G Factor" |
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Thurstone
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7 distinct primary mental abilities.
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Cattell-Horn-Carroll
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Most empirically validated theory of human intelligence.
3 levels: "G", 10 broad cognitive abilities, 70 narrow cognitive abilities. |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
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8 distinct intelligences
Relative strengths and weaknesses among 8 areas |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
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Focuses on process rather than product.
3 aspects of intelligence: internal components, capacity to adapt to environmental changes, ability to apply past experience to current problems. |
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Verbal Comprehension Index
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Vocabulary
Similarities Information |
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Perceptual Organization Index
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Picture Completion
Block Design Matrix Reasoning |
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Working Memory Index
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Arithmetic
Digit Span Letter Number Sequencing |
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Processing Speed Index
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Digit Symbol Coding
Symbol Search |
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Best Estimate of VIQ
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Vocabulary
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Best Estimate of PIQ
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Block Design
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Best "hold tests" - good indicators of premorbid functioning
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vocabulary
information |
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Chronic Otitis Media
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Long term deficits in language capacities.
Depressed VCI. |