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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liberal Definition of Progressive Revelation
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The term was coined by liberal scholars to describe an evolutionary understanding of the Bible.
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Liberal Importance of Progressive Revelation
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-It allows them to downgrade as late or inauthentic any elements they are skeptical about and to elevate the “highest” ideas.
-It allows them to explain the more “primitive moral standards” of the earlier sections of the OT by contending that the later revelation “corrects” it. -It gives support to the “history of religions school” which contends that the OT is not really revelation from God but rather, the progressive religious experience of the nation of Israel. |
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Evangelical Definition of Progressive Revelation
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God progressively revealed himself in event and in Scripture, climaxing the events with the death-resurrection-exaltation of Christ and climaxing the Scriptures with the closing of the canon. The result is that God’s ways and purposes were progressively fulfilled not only in redemption events but also in inscripturated explanation. The earlier revelation prepares for the later; the later carries further and in some way explicates the earlier.
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Evangelical Importance of Progressive Revelation
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a. Earlier revelations were not imperfect or erroneous. God simply did not reveal everything at once, either in terms of morality or theology.
b. God reveals more and more of his plan as time goes on. Adam and Eve understood that one would come who would be a deliverer from sin. c. All revelations are equally inspired. The less complete are no less inspired than the more complete. d. Progressive revelation allows for later writers to have a fuller understanding of details than the former. e. The various stages of progressive revelation are related and complementary, not contradictory. A realistic examination of the Scriptures, for example, reveals that the OT is filled with statements of God’s love, patience and forgiveness. |
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1. Early church fathers: Inspiration
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-Irenaeus: In inspiration the Holy Spirit words on authors much like a musician plays a harp. -Tertullian: The canon is the Scripture of the Holy Ghost.
-Irenaeus: “The Scriptures are indeed perfect, since they were spoken by the Word of God and His Spirit.” (Lewis/Demarest 136) -Jerome claimed that even the punctuation of the Scriptures has meaning from God. -Augustine: While he believed the human authors’ minds were active in the writing, the Lord used the writers “as if they were his own hands.” (Lewis/Demarest 136) |
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2. Reformers: Inspiration
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-Luther: The Scriptures are from the Holy Spirit. They are the swaddling clothes and manger in which Christ is laid.
-Calvin: The Bible is from the mouth of God, down to the words, propositions and doctrines. Calls the authors amanuenses of the Holy Spirit. |
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3. Catholic teaching:
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-Aquinas: God is the author of the Bible and gives it total authority.
-Trent: Scriptures is given as “dictation by the mouth of Jesus Christ or of the Holy Ghost.” -Vatican I: All Scripture is divinely inspired. (Canon on Revelation) -Vatican II: For Holy Mother Church, relying on the faith of the apostolic age, accepts as sacred and canonical the books of the Old and New Testaments, whole and entire, with all their parts, on the grounds that, written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their author and have been handed on as such to the Church herself. (Cat 105) |
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4. Liberal Protestant teaching (late 19th – early 20th century): Inspiration
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-The Bible is not inspired and is full of errors.
-The Bible is the product of the fallible collections of religious traditions of the Hebrew people and the early church. |
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5. Neoorthodoxy: Inspiration
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-The Bible is witness to the revelation of God in Christ. (Note that Barth says it is the one authoritative witness, and where it speaks we are bound to obey.)
-One should not create a direct identity between the word of humans in the Bible and the word of God. -There are errors in the Bible. Nevertheless, God still speaks authoritatively through it. -Emphasis is on the fact that one encounters God in the Bible, thus, it becomes the word of God when this happens. God’s Word (revelatioin) always exists in personal encounter, so it cannot be pointed to on a table. To do so is to over objectivize revelation. |
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Passages that argue the bible is the word of God
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Acts 4:23-26 Affirms the holy spirit speaking through the mouth of David and the kings,
Hebrews 1, God spoke to us through his son 2 Peter 3:15-16 Just as Paul wrote to them by the wisdom given to him by the HS so peter writes with wisdom given to him. |
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Passages that relate to inspiration
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1 Cor 2 Paul affirms his words are not of his own wisdom from and by the spirit. God reveals himself to us with the spirit.
2 Peter 1, we were eye witnesses of Jesus, and we have the prophetic and this prophecy comes from God by his Spirit. 2 Tim 3 all scripture is God breathed. |
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1. Intuition Theory:
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Scriptures is the result of the natural abilities of the authors.
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Illumination/Mystical theory:
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Writers have an encounter with God that magnifies their normal powers and abilities.
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3. Dynamic theory:
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Holy Spirit directs the authors to the thoughts/concepts they should have and allows the authors to choose the words/expressions. Thus, the writer will give expression to the revelation of God in a way unique to him.
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4. Verbal theory:
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Influence of the Holy Spirit extends to the words of the text so that, not just the concepts, but the very words are the Word of God.
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5. Mechanical Dictation
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Here we actually have the Spirit, in effect, whispering the words in the ear of the writer. Thus, the writer is merely a passive instrument for the words of God.
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Verbal, plenary inspiration:
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This is the designation commonly used by evangelical (and in the MU Doctrinal statement). This means that inspiration extends to the very words of the Bible and to all the words (plenary) not just some of them.
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1. Absolute inerrancy:
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: This view holds that the Bible is literally correct in every affirmation it makes, even concerning math and science.
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2. Full inerrancy:
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Also hold that the Bible is fully true in all it affirms. But in terms of issues like math, science, nature, this view concedes that the Bible records thinks phenomenologically, or as they appear to the human eye.
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3. Limited inerrancy:
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The Bible is inerrant in issues of salvific significance. The scientific and nature and historical references reflect the understanding of the time.
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4. Inerrancy of purpose:
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The purpose of the Bible is to bring people into relationship with God through Jesus Christ, not to communicate propositional truths.
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5. Accomodated revelation:
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This view does not use the term inerrancy at all. It argues that the Bible is as human book and contains all the weaknesses of humans.
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6. Revelation is nonpropositional
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Revelation is purely relational.
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7. Inerrancy is irrelevant
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Inerrancy is an argument about minutiae. Erring in the Bible is
about spiritual or moral issues, not intellectual ones. |
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7. Be familiar with the scriptures and explanations that argue for inerrancy through
a deduction based on the character of God. |
a. Rom 3:4, Jer 10:10 God is true/truth
b. John 17:17, Titus 1:2 The Word of God is true. God speaks truth. c. 2 Tim 3:16 All Scripture is the Word of God. d. Ps 119:160 All scripture is true. |
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Know how the early church saw the authority of the Old Testament.
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-The early church recognized that since Christ had come as the fulfillment of the promises of the OT, they were now in a new position. While the church still fully recognized the authority of the OT, they also realized that it belonged with an earlier part of the story which had now been fulfilled. Thus, some things in the OT no longer applied to them.
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How did Jesus View scripture
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-Christ obeyed the Scriptures: -Mt 4:1-11
-Christ saw the Scriptures as fulfilled in him. -Lk 24:27, 44 -Jesus roots his own theological claims in Scripture and tells others to obey them: -Mt 22:29-33 |
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How did people in the middle ages start to view scripture.
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-The middle ages: In the 3rd and 4th centuries a new method of interpretation became popular called allegorization. Often, as a result of frustration with how to deal with some of the more shocking passages of the OT, theologians began to see the stories as allegories which supported theological or moral convictions of the church. These interpretations became authoritative.
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11. Know the fourfold method of biblical interpretation practiced in the middle ages.
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-Literal sense: By this they meant not wooden literalism, but the original sense of the passage, even though it might contain non-literal elements.
-Allegorical: Discovery of Christian doctrine in a passage that seemed to have nothing to do with it. Example: Abraham sending a servant to find a bride for his son could be seen as God sending the gospel or the Spirit to find a bride (the church) for his son. -Anagogical: Seeing in the text a picture of the eschaton. Example: Psalms of ascent seen as the Christian going to the heavenly city. -Moral: Lessons on how to behave in a text which did not seem to be teaching that. |
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12. Be familiar with why the church developed Tradition.
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-The development of “Tradition.” Tradition began as the recognition by the teachers of the church of those things which the church had always believed. This is a good thing. An authoritative Bible without a recognized consensus of what it means is very dangerous.
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13. Know how Enlightenment thinkers related reason to the Bible
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-The role of reason predates the Enlightenment:
-Early Enlightenment thinkers did not place reason above Scripture: ( -Later Enlightenment thinkers exalted reason above the Bible, and all other religious claims. What ever was not reasonable or in line with normal human experience could not be believed. |
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14. Be able to name and explain at least two of N.T. Wrights “Strategies for honoring the Scripture.”
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1. A totally contextual reading:
-We have to read the Bible in terms of its own context at all levels from verse/chapter, to book/whole Bible. 2. A liturgically grounded reading: -The Bible must be at the center of our public worship. (Must be part of our celebration and of our rehearsal of the story we are part of.) 3. A privately studied reading: -The Bible must be read and studied in groups and individual as the foundation for life change and for understanding the place of the church and the believer in the ongoing story of God’s redemption. |
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15. Know at least two Johanine passages related to the results of illumination and be able to explain them.
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John 15:26-27 The bible causes us to turn toward Christ.
John 16:13-14 The HS is going to reveal Christ to you, this can happen through the scripture |
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16. Be able to name the five purposes for angels listed in the notes and give a supporting passage for each one.
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-Humans will judge angels once our salvation is compete: -1 Cor 6:1-3
-Angels minister to believers: -Heb 1:13-14 -God chose not to redeem angels who sinned: -2 Peter 2:4 B. Angels glorify God: -Ps 103:20, 148:2 Angels rejoice over our salvation (Lk 15:10) |
