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254 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute authority
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The highest authority in one's life; an authority that cannot be disproved by appeal to any higher authority.
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active obedience
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Christ's perfect obedience to God during his entire earthly life, which earned the righteousness that God credits to those who place their faith in Christ.
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adoption
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an act of God whereby he makes us members of his family.
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amillenialism
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the view that there will be no literal thousand-year bodily reign of Christ on earth prior to the final judgment and the eternal state. In this view, scriptural references to the millennium in Revelation 20 are understood to describe the present church age
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angel
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a created spiritual being with moral judgment and high intelligence but without a physical body
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annihilationism
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the teaching that after death unbelievers suffer the penalty of God's wrath for a time and then are "annihilated" or destroyed, so that they no longer exist. Some forms of this teaching hold that annihilation occurs immediately upon death.
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antichrist
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the "man of lawlessness" who will appear prior to the second coming of Christ and will cause great suffering and persecution, only to be destroyed by Jesus. The term is also used to describe other figures who embody such an opposition to Christ and are precursors of the final antichrist.
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Apollinarianism
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the fourth-century heresy that held that Christ had a human body but not a human mind or spirit, and that the mind and spirit fo Christ were from the divine nature of the Son of God
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apologetics
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the discipline that seeks to provide a defense of the truthfulness of the Christian faith for the purpose of convincing unbelievers
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apostle
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a recognized office of the early church. Apostles were the New Testament counterparts to the Old Testament prophets and as such had the authority to write words of Scripture.
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archangel
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an angel with authority over other angels
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Arianism
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the erroneous doctrine that denies the full deity of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit
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Arminianism
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a theological tradition that seeks to preserve the free choices of human beings and denies God's providential control over the details of all events.
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ascension
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the rising of Jesus from the earth into heaven forty days after his resurrection
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asceticism
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an approach to living that renounces many comforts of the material world and practices rigid self-denial
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aseity
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another name for the attribute of God's independence or self-existence
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assurance of salvation
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the confidence we amy have based on cerain evidences in our lives that we are truly born again and will persevere as Christians until the end of our lives.
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atonement
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the work Christ did in his life and death to earn our salvation.
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attributes of being
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aspects of God's character that describe his essential mode of existence
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attributes of purpose
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aspects of God's character that pertain to making and carrying out decisions
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authority of Scripture
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the idea that all the words in Scripture are God's words in such a way that to disbelieve or disobey any word of Scripture is to disbelieve or disobey God.
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beauty
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The attribute of God's character that pertain to making and carrying out decisions
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belief
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in contemporary culture, this term usually refers to the acceptance of the truth of something, such as facts about Christ, with no necessary element of trust in Christ as a person. In the New Testament, this term often includes a sense of personal trust in or reliance on Christ
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believable profession of faith
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a central component of the "Baptistic' view of baptism, which holds that only those who have given reasonable evidence of believing in Christ should be baptized.
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believer's baptism
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the view that baptism is appropriately administered only to those who give a believable profession of faith in Jesus Christ
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biblical theology
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the study of the teaching of the individual authors and sections of the Bible and of the place of each teaching in the historical development of The Bible
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blameless
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morally perfect in God's sight, a characteristic of those who follow God's words completely
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blessedness
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the attribute of God whereby he delights fully in himself and in all that reflects his character
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body of Christ
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scriptural metaphor for the church. this image is used for two different metaphors in the New Testament, one to stress the interdependence of the members of teh body and one to stress Christ's headship of the church
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born again
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Scriptural term referring to God's work of regeneration by which he imparts new spiritual life to us
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born of the Spirit
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another term for regeneration that indicates the special role played by the Holy Spirit in imparting new spiritual life to us.
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born of water
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phrase used by Jesus in John 3:5 that refers the the spiritual cleansing from sin that accompanies god's work of regeneration
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Calvinism
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a theological tradition named after the sixteenth-century French reformer John Calvin that emphasizes the sovereignty of God in all things and man's inability to do spiritual good before God
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certain knowledge
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knowledge that is established beyond doubt or question. Because God alone knows all the facts of the universe and never lies, the only absolutely certain knowledge that we can have in this age is found in God's words in Scripture.
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cessationist
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someone who thinks that certain miraculous spiritual gifts (such as healing, prophecy, tongues, and interpretation of tongues) ceased when the apostles died and Scripture was complete.
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Chalcedonian Definition
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the statement produced by the Council of Chalcedon in A.D. 451, which has been regarded by most branches of Christianity as the orthodox definition of the biblical teaching on the person of Christ.
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charismatic
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term referring to any groups or people that trace their historical origin to the charismatic renewal movement of the 1960s and 70s, seek to practice all the spiritual gifts mentioned in the New Testament, and allow differing viewpoints on whether baptism in the Holy Spirit is subsequent to conversion and whether tongues is a sign of baptism in the Holy Spirit
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cherubim
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a class of created spiritual beings who once guarded the entrance to the Garden of Eden and over whom God is enthroned
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Christian ethics
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Any study that answers the question, "what does God require us to feel, think, and do today?" with regard to a given situation
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church
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the community of all true believers for all time.
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circular argument
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an argument that seeks to prove its conclusion by appealing to a claim that depends on the truth of the conclusion
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clarity of Scripture
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the idea that the Bible is written in such a way that its teachings are able to be understood by all who will read it seeking God's help and are willing to follow it.
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common grace
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the grace of God by which he gives people innumerable blessings that are not part of salvation
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communicable attributes
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aspects of God's character that he more fully shares or "communicates" with us
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Communion
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term commonly used to refer to the Lord's Supper
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compatibilism
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another view for the Reformed view of providence. the term indicates that absolute divine sovereignty is compatible with human significance and real human choices
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complementarian
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the view that men and women are equal in value before God but have different roles in marriage and the church; specifically, that there is a unique leadership role for the husband in marriage and that some governing and teaching roles in the church are reserved for men
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concurrence
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an aspect of God's providence whereby he cooperates with created things in every action, directing their distinctive properties to cause them to act as they do.
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consequent absolute necessity
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the view that the atonement was not absolutely necessary, but as a "consequence" of God's decision to save some human beings, the atonement was absolutely necessary, because there was no other way God could save any sinners except through the death and resurrection of his Son
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contradiction
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a set of two statements, one of which denies the other.
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conversion
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our willing response to the gospel call, in which we sincerely repent of sins and place our trust in Christ for our salvation
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covenant community
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the community of God's people. protestant proponents of infant baptism view baptism as a sign of entrance into the "covenant community' of God's people.
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creation
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the doctrine that God created the entire universe out of nothing; it was originally very good; and he created it to glorify himself
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Darwinian evolution
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the general theory of evolution named after Chrales Darwin, the Biritish naturalist who expounded this theory in his Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
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death
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the termination of our bodily life brought about by the entrance of sin into the world. For the Christian, death brings us into the presence of God because of Christ's payment of the penalty for our sins.
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decrees of God
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the eternal plans of God whereby, before the creation of the world, he determined to bring about everything that happens
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deism
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the view that God created the universe but is not now directly involved in it.
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demon possession
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a misleading phrase found in some English translations of the Bible that seems to suggest that a person's will is completely dominated by a demon. The Greek term is better translated "under demonic influence," which could range from mild to strong influence or attack
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demonized
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to be under demonic influence; in the New Testament, the term often suggests more extreme casese of demonic influence.
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demons
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evil angels who sinned against God and who now continually work evil in the world
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depravity
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another term for "inherited corruption"
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determinism
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the idea that acts, events, and decisions are the inevitable results of some condition or decision prior to them that is independent of the human will
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dichotomy
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the view that man is made up of two parts--- body and soul/spirit.
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dictation
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the idea that God expressly spoke every word of Scripture to the human authors
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difference in role
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the idea that men and women have been given by God different primary functions in the family and the church.
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discerning of spirits
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another term for distinguishing between spirits
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dispensational premillennialism
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another term fro "pretribulational premillennialism" the term dispensational is used because most proponents fo this view wish to maintain a clear distinction between the church and Israel, with whom God deals under different arrangements or "dispensations."
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dispensationalism
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a theological system that began in the nineteenth century with the writings of J.N. Darby. Among the general doctrines of this system are the distinction between Israel and the church as two groups in God's overall plan, the pretribulational rapture of the church, a future literal fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning israel, and the dividing of biblical history into seven periods or "dispensations" of God's ways of relating to his people
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distinguishing between spirits
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a special ability to recognize the influence of the Holy Spirit or of demonic spirits in a person
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distortion of roles
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the idea that in the punishments God gave to Adam and Eve after their sin, he did not introduce new roles or functions, but simply introduced pain and distortion into the functions they previously had.
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docetism
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the heretical teaching that Jesus was not really a man, but only seemed to be one
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doctrine
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what the whole Bible teaches us today about some particular topic
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dualism
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the idea that both God and the material universe (or some evil force) have eternally existed side by side as two ultimate forces in the universe
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economic subordination
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the teaching that certain members of the Trinity have roles or functions that are subject to the Father, and the Holy spirit is eternally subject to the Father and Son. (To be distinguished from ontological subordination or subordinationism, an erroneous teaching that has been rejected by the church.)
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effective calling
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an act of God the Father, speaking through the human proclamation of the gospel, in which he summons people to himself in such a way that they respond in saving faith.
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egalitarian
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the view that all functions and roles in the family and the church are open to men and women alike (except those based on physical differences, such as bearing children). Specifically, egalitarianism holds that there is no unique leadership role for the husband in marriage and that no governing or teaching roles in the church are reserved for men.
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ekklesia
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greek term translated "church' in the new testament. the word literally means "assembly" and in the Bible indicates the assembly or congregation of the people of God
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election
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an act of God before creation in which he chose some people to be saved, not on account of any foreseen merit in them, but only because of his sovereign good pleasure.
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equality in personhood
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the idea that men and women are both created in God's image and therefore are equally important to God and equally valuable to him
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eschatology
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the study of "the last things," or future events
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eternal conscious punishment
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description of the nature of punishment in hell, which will be unending and of which the wicked will be aware
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eternal security
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another term fro "perseverance of the saints." However, this term can be misunderstood to mean that all who have once made a profession of faith are "eternally secure" in their salvation when they may not have been genuinely converted at all.
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eternity
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when used of God, the doctrine that GOd has no beginning, end, or succession of moments in his own being, and that he sees all time equally vividly yet sees events in time and acts in time
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Eucharist
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another term for the Lord's Supper
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Eutychianism
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another term for monphysitism, named after the fifth-century monk Eutyches
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evangelism
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the proclamation of the gospel to unbelievers
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ex nihilo
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latin phrase meaning "out of nothing." refers to God's creation of the universe "out of nothing" or wirhout the use of any previously existing materials
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ex opere operato
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Latin phrase meaning "by the work performed." In Roman Catholic teaching the phrase is used to indicate that the sacraments (such as baptism or the Eucharist) are effective because of the actual activity done, and this effectiveness does not depend on a subjective attitude of faith in the participants.
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example theory
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the view that in the atonement Christ did not bear the just penalty of God for our sins but that he simply provided us with an example of how we should trust and obey God perfectly, even if this leads to death.
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exegesis
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the process of interpreting a text of Scripture
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external calling
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the general gospel invitation offered to all people that comes through human proclamation of the gospel. also referred to as "general calling" or "the gospel call," this call can be rejected by people.
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faith
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trust or dependence on God based on the fact that we take him at his word and believe what he has said
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faith and practice
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some people who deny the inerrancy of the Bible claim that the Bible'es purpose is only to tell us about these two subjects
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faithfulness
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the attribute of God whereby he will always do what he has said and will fulfill what he has promised.
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fatalism
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a system in which human choices and human decisions make no real difference because things will turno out as they have been previously ordained. this is in contrast to the biblical doctrines of providence and election, in which people make real choices that have real consequences and for which they are held accountable
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final judgment
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the last and ultimate proclamation by Jesus Christ of the eternal destinies of all people, which will take place after the millennium and the rebellion that occurs at the end of it.
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first fruits
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the first portion of a ripening harvest. in describing Christ in his resurrection as the "first fruits", the Bible indicaties that our resurrection bodies will be like his when God raises us from the dead.
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foreknowledge
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relative to the doctrine of election, the personal, relation knowledge by which God thought of certain people in a saving relationship to himself before creation. This is to be distinguished from the mere knowledge of facts about a person.
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forensic
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having to do with legal proceedings; used to describe justification as being a legal declaration by God that in itself does not change our internal nature or character.
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free choices
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choices made according to our free will
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free will
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the ability to make willing choices that have real effects (however, other people define this in other ways, including the ability to make choices that are not determined by God.)
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freedom
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the attribute of God whereby he does whatever he pleases
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general eschatology
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the knowledge of god's existence, character, and moral law, which comes through creation to all humanity.
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gifts of the Holy Spirit
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all abilities that are empowered by the Holy Spirit and used in any ministry of the church.
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glorification
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the final step in the application of redemption. it will happen when Christ returns and raises from the dead the bodies of all believers for all time who have died, and reunites them with their souls, and changes the bodies of all believers who remain alive, thereby giving all believers at the same time perfect resurrection bodies like his own.
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God
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in the New Testament, a translation of the Greek word theos, which is usually but not always, used to refer to God the Father
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God-breathed
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translation of the Greek word theopneustos (sometimes transalted "inspired by God") which the Bible uses metaphorically to describe the words of Scripture as being spoken by God
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goodness
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the attribute of God whereby he is the final standard of good and all that he is and does is worthy of approval
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gospel call
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the general gospel invitation to all people that comes through human proclamation of the gospel. also referred to as "external calling."
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government
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an aspect of God's providence that indicates that God has a purpose in all he does in the world and that he providentially governs or directs all things so they accomplish his purposes
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governmental theory
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the theory that Christ's death was not a payment for our sins but God's demonstration of the fact that, since he is the moral governor of the universe, some kind of penalty must be paid whenever his laws are broken.
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grace
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God's goodness toward those who deserve only punishment.
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Great Commission
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the final commands of Jesus to the disciples recorded in matthew 28:18-20
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great tribulation
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expression from Matthew 24:21 referring to a period of great hardship and suffering prior to the return of Christ
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healing
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a gift of the Holy Spirit that functions to bring a restoration to health as a foretaste of teh complete freedom from physical weakness and infirmity that Christ purchased for us by his death and resurrection
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heaven
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the place where god most fully makes known his presence to bless. it is in heaven where God most fully reveals his glory and where angels, other heavenly creatures, and redeemed saints all worship him.
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hell
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a place of eternal conscious punishment for the wicked
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hermeneutics
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the study of correct methods of interpreting texts
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historic premillennialism
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the view that Christ will return to the earth after a period of great tribulation and establish a millennial kingdom. At this time, believers who have died will be raised from the dead and believers who are alive will receive glorified resurrection bodies, and both will reign with Christ for a thousand years
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historical theology
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the historical study of how Christians in different periods since the time of the New Testament have understood various theological topics
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holiness
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the attribute of God whereby he is separated from sin and devoted to seeking his own honor.
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Holy Spirit
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one of the three persons of the Trinity, whose work is to manifest the active presence of God in the world, and especially in the hcurch.
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homoiousios
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Greek word meaning "of a similar nature," which was used by Arius int eh fourth century to affirm that Christ was a supernatural heavenly being but not of the SAME nature as God the Father
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image of God
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the nature of man such that he is like God and represents God
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immanent
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existing or remaining in; used in theology to speak of God's involvement in creation
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immersion
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the mode of baptism in the New Testament in which the person was put completely underwater and then brought back up again
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imminent
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refers to the fact that Christ could return and might return at any time, and that we are to be prepared for him to come at any day
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immutability
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another term for God's unchangeableness
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impassibility
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the doctrine, often based on misunderstanding of Acts 14:15, that God does not have passions or emotions. Scripture instead teaches that God does have emotions, but he does not have sinful passions or emotions
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impeccability
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the doctrine that Christ was not able to sin.
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impute
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to think of as belonging to someone and therefore to cause it to belong to that person. God "thinks of" Adam's sin as belonging to us, and it therefore belongs to us. in justification, God thinks of Christ's righteousness as belonging to us, and on that basis he declares that it belongs to us, and therefore it does.
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"in Jesus' name."
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refers to prayer made on Jesus' authorization and consistent with his character
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"in, with, and under."
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phrase descriptive of the Lutheran view of the Lord's Supper, which holds, not that the bread actually becomes the physical body of Christ, but that the physical body of Christ is present "in, with, and under" the bread of the Lord's Supper
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incarnation
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the act of God the Son whereby he took to himself a human nature
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incommunicable attributes
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aspects of God's character that he less fully shares iwht us
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incomprehensible
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not able to be fully understood. as this applies to God, it means that nothing about God can be understood fully or exhaustively, although we can know true things about God
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incorruptible
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the nature of our future resurrection bodies, which willb e like Christ's resurrection body and therefore will not wear out, grow old, or be subject to any kind of sickness or disease
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independence
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the attribute of God whereby he does not need us or the rest of creation for anything, yet we and the rest of creation can glorify him and bring him joy
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inerrancy
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the idea that Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact.
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infallibility
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the idea that Scripture is not able to lead us astray in matters of faith and practice
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infinite
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when used of god, refers to the fact that he is not subject to any of the limitations of humanity or of creation in general
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infinity with respect to space
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another term for God's omnipresence
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infinity with respect to time
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another term for God's eterntiy
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infused righteousness
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righteousness that God actually puts into us and that changes us internally. The Roman Catholic Church understands justification to be based on such an infusion, which differs from Protestantism's view that justification is a legal declaration by God based on imputed righteousness.
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inherited corruption
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the sinful nature, or the tendency to sin, which all people inherit because of Adam's sin (often referred to as "original pollution"). this idea entails that (1) in our nature we totally lack spiritual good before God, and (2) in our actions we are totally unable to do spiritual good before God.
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inherited guilt
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the idea that God counts all people guilty because of 'adam's sin
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inherited sin
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the guilt and the tendency to sin that all people inherit because of Adam's sin. inherited sin includes both inherited guilt and inherited corruption
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inner sense of God
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an instinctive awareness of God's existences possessed by every human being
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inspiration
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refers to the fact that the words of Scripture are spoken by God. Because of the weak sense of this word in ordinary usage, this text prefers the term "God-breathed" to indicate that the words of Scripture are spoken by God
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.intelligent design
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the view that god directly created the world and its many life forms, which stands against the view that new species came about through an evolutionary process of random mutation
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intermediate state
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the state of a person between his or her death and the time that Christ returns to give believers new resurrection bodies. in the intermediate state, believers exist as spirits without physical bodies
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internal calling
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another term for "effective calling."
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interpretation of tongues
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the gift of the Holy Spirit by which the general meaning of something spoken in tongues is reported to the church
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invisible church
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the church as God sees it
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invisibility
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the attribute of God whereby his total essence, all of his spiritual being, will never be able to be seen by us, yet god still shows himself to us through visible, created things
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irresistible grace
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the action of God whereby he effectively calls people and also gives them regeneration, both of which guarantee that we will respond in saving faith. this term is subject to misunderstanding since it seems to imply that people do not make a voluntary, willing choice in responding to the gospel.
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jealousy
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the doctrine that God continually seeks to protect his own honor.
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justice
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another term for God's righteousness
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justification
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an instantaneous legal act of God in which he (1) thinks of our sins as forgiven and Christ's righteousness as belonging to us, and (2) declares us to be righteous in his sight.
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kenosis theory
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the erroneous theory that Christ gave up some of his divine attributes while he was on earth as a man
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knowable
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refers tot he fact that we can know true things about God, and we can know God himself and not simply facts about him
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knowledge
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the attribute of God whereby he fully knows himself and all things actual and possible in one simple and eternal act.
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likeness
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refers to something that is similar but not identical to the thing it represents
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living creatures
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a class of created spiritual beings with appearances like a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle, who are said to worship around the throne of God
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Lord
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in the new testament, a translation of the Greek word kyrios, which is usually but not always, used to refer to Christ. in the greek translation of the Old Testament, this word is used to translate the Hebrew yhwh, the personal name of the omnipotent God.
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Lord's Supper
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one of the two ordinances that Jesus commanded his church to observe. This is an ordinance to be observed repeatedly throughout our Christian lives, as a sign of continuing in fellowship with Christ
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love
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when used of God, the doctrine that God eternally gives of himself to others
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macro-evolution
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the "general theory of evolution," or the view that nonliving substance gave rise to the first living material, which then reproduced and diversified to produce all living things that now exist or ever existed in the past.
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major doctrine
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a doctrine that has a significant impact on our thinking about other doctrines or that has a significant impact on how we live the Christian life.
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Maranatha
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Aramaic term used in 1 Corinthians 16:22 meaning "our Lord, come," expressing eager longing for Christ's return.
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marks of the church
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the distinguishing characteristics of a true church. in protestant tradition, these have usually been recognized as the right preaching of the Word of God and the right administration of the sacraments (baptism and the Lord's Supper)
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materialism
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the view that the material universe is all that exists
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mediator
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the role that Jesus plays in coming between God and us, enabling us to come into the presence of God.
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mental attributes
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the aspects of God's character that describe the nature of his knowing and reasoning
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mercy
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God's goodness toward those in misery and distress
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Michael
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an archangel who appears as a leader in the angelic army
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micro-evolution
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the view that small developments within individual species occur without creating any new species
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millennium
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the period of one thousand years (mentioned in Rev 20:4-5) when Christ will be physically present and reign in perfect peace and justice over the eaerth
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minor doctrine
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a doctrine that has very little impact on how we think about other doctrines and that has very little impact on how we live the Christian life.
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modalism
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the heretical teaching that holds that God is not really three distinct persons, but only one person who appears to people in different "modes' at different times. Also called Sabellianism.
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monism
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the view that man is made of only one element, the physical body, and that his body is the person.
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monophysitism
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the fifth-century heresy that held that Christ had only one nature, which was a mixture of divine and human natures
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monophysitism
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the fifth-century heresy that held that Christ had only one nature, which was a mixture of divine and human natures
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moral attributes
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aspects of God's character that describe his moral or ethical nature
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moral attributes
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aspects of God's character that describe his moral or ethical nature
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moral influence theory
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the theory that Christ's death was not a payment for sins but simply a demonstration of how much God loved human beings, because it showed how god identified with their sufferings, even to the point of death. the atonement becomes, then, an an example designed to draw from us a grateful response
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moral influence theory
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the theory that Christ's death was not a payment for sins but simply a demonstration of how much God loved human beings, because it showed how god identified with their sufferings, even to the point of death. the atonement becomes, then, an an example designed to draw from us a grateful response
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natural selection
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the idea, assumed in evolutionary theory, that living organisms that are most fitted to their environment survive and multiply while others perish
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natural selection
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the idea, assumed in evolutionary theory, that living organisms that are most fitted to their environment survive and multiply while others perish
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necessity of Scripture
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the idea that the Bible is necessary for knowing the gospel, for maintaining spiritual life, and for knowing God's will, but is not necessary for knowing that God exists or for knowing something about his character and moral laws.
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necessity of Scripture
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the idea that the Bible is necessary for knowing the gospel, for maintaining spiritual life, and for knowing God's will, but is not necessary for knowing that God exists or for knowing something about his character and moral laws.
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neoorthodoxy
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twentieth-century theological movement represented by the teachings of Karl Barth. instead of the orthodox position that all the words of Scripture were spoken by God, Barth taught that the words of Scripture become god's words to us as we encounter them.
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neoorthodoxy
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twentieth-century theological movement represented by the teachings of Karl Barth. instead of the orthodox position that all the words of Scripture were spoken by God, Barth taught that the words of Scripture become god's words to us as we encounter them.
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Nestorianism
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the fifth-century heresy that taught that there were two separate persons in Christ, a human person and a divine person
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Nestorianism
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the fifth-century heresy that taught that there were two separate persons in Christ, a human person and a divine person
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new heavens and new earth
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a description of the entirely renewed creation in which believers will dwell after the final judgment
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new heavens and new earth
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a description of the entirely renewed creation in which believers will dwell after the final judgment
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New Testament theology
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the study of the teachings of teh individual authors and sections of the new Testament and of the place of each teaching in the historical development of the New Testament
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New Testament theology
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the study of the teachings of teh individual authors and sections of the new Testament and of the place of each teaching in the historical development of the New Testament
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'not discerning the body."
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Phrase used in 1 Corinthians 11:29 of the Corinthians' abuse of the Lord's Supper. int heir selfish, inconsiderate conduct toward each other during the Lord's Supper, they were not understanding the unity and interdependence of people in the church, which is the body of Christ.
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'not discerning the body."
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Phrase used in 1 Corinthians 11:29 of the Corinthians' abuse of the Lord's Supper. int heir selfish, inconsiderate conduct toward each other during the Lord's Supper, they were not understanding the unity and interdependence of people in the church, which is the body of Christ.
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office
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a publicly recognized position of a person who has the right and responsibility to perform certain functions for the benefit of the whole church
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old earth theory
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a theory of creation that views the earth as very old, perhaps as old as 4.5 billion yrs
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Old Testament theology
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the study of the teaching of the individual authors and sections of teh Old Testament and of the place of each teaching in the historical development of the Old Testament
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omnipotence
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the attribute of God whereby he is able to do all his holy will
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omnipresence
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the attribute of God whereby he does not have size or spatial dimensions and is present at every point of space with his whole being, yet God acts differently in different places
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omniscience
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the attribute of God whereby he fully knows himself and all things actual and possible in one simple and eternal act
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only begotten
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a mistranslation of the Greek word monogenes which actually means "unique" or "one-of-a-kind." The Arians used this word to deny Christ's deity but the rest of teh church understood it to mean that the Son is eternally related as a son to the Father
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ontological equality
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phrase that describes the members of the Trinity as eternally equal in being or existence
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order of salvation
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a list of events in which God applies salvation to us, arranged in the specific order in which they occur in our lives.
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original guilt.
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another term for "inherited guilt."
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original pollution
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another term for our inherited sinful nature
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orignial sin
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the traditional term for the doctrine referred to in this text as "inherited sin." Original sin includes both original guilt and original pollution
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pantheism
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the idea that the whole universe is God or part of God
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paradox.
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a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true; an apparent but not real contradiction
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passive obedience
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refers to Christ's sufferings for us in which he took teh penalty due for our sins and as a result died for our sins.
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Pelagius
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a fifth-century monk who taught that every person has the ability to obey God's commands and can take the first and most important steps toward salvation on his or her own.
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penal substitution.
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the view of the atonement that holds that Christ in his death bore the just penalty of God for our sins, and did so as a substitute for us.
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Pentecostal
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any denomination or group that traces its historical origin back to the Pentecostal revival that began in teh USin 1901 and that holds to the doctrinal positions (1) that baptism in the Holy Spirit is ordinarily an event subsequent to conversion, (2) that baptism n the holy Spirit is made evident by the sign of speaking in tongues, and (3) that allt he spiritual gifts mentioned in the New Testament are to be sought and used today.
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perfection
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the attribute of God whereby he completely possesses all excellent qualities and lacks no part of any qualities that would be desirable for him.
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perfectionism
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the view that sinless perfection, or freedom from conscious sin, is possible in this life for the Christian.
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perseverance of the saints
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the doctrine that all those who are truly born again will be kept by God's power and will persevere as Christians until the end of their lives and that only those who persevere until the end have been truly born again.
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personal eschatology
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the study of future events that will happen to individuals, such as death, the intermediate state, and glorification
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philosophical theology
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the study of theological topics that primarily employs the tools and methods of philosophical reasoning and uses information that can be known about God from observing the universe, but not information that comes from Scripture.
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postmillennialism
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the view that Christ will return to the earth after the millennium. in this view, the millennium is an age of peace and righteousness on the earth that is brought about by the progress of the gospel and the growth of the church but not by Christ's physical presence on earth.
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posttribulational premillennialism
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another term for historic premillennialism. the position is distinguished from other premillennial views by the idea that Christ will return after the great tribulation
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posttribulational rapture
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the taking up of believers after the great tribulation to meet with Christ in the air just a few moments prior to his coming to earth with them to reign during the millennial kingdom (or, on the amillennial view, during the eternal state.)
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power
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another term for God's omnipotence
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prayer
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personal communication from us to God
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predestination
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sometimes used as another term for "election." However, in Reformed theology generally, predestination is a broader term that includes not only election (for believes) but also reprobation (for nonbelievers)
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premillennialism
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includes a variety of views that have in common the belief that Christ will return to the earth before the millennium.
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pretribulation rapture
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the taking up of believers into heaven when (according to this view) Christ returns secretly, prior to the great tribulation.
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pretribulational premillennnialism
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the view that Christ will return secretly before the great tribulation to call believers to himself, and then again after the tribulation to reign on earth for a thousand years.
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preservation
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an aspect of God's providence whereby he keeps all created things existing and maintaining the properties with which he created them.
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presupposition
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an assumption that forms the beginning point of any study
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primary cause
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the divine, invisible, directing cause of everything that happens
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primogeniture
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the Old Testament practice in which the firstborn in any generation in a human family has leadership in the family for that generation.
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principalities and powers
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other names for demonic powers (and perhaps angelic powers) in some verses of the Bible
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prophecy
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in the New Testament, a gift of the holy Spirit that involves telling something that God has spontaneously brought to mind.
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propitiation
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a sacrifice that bears God's wrath to the end and in so doing changes God's wrath toward us into favor.
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providence
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the doctrine that God is continually involved with all created things in such a way that he (1) keeps them existing and maintaining the properties with which he created them; (2) cooperates with created things in every action, directing their distinctive properties to cause them to act as they do; and (3) directs them to fulfill his purposes
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purgatory
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in Roman Catholic doctrine, the place where the souls of believers go to be further purified from sin until they are ready to be admitted into heaven
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purity of the church.
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the church's degree of freedom from wrong doctrine and conduct, and its degree of conformity to God's revealed will for the church
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raised in glory
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phrase describing our future resurrection bodies, which will exhibit the fullness of strength and power that God will give us, bearing some similarity to Christ's glorified body.
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raised in power
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phrase describing our future resurrection bodies, which will exhibit a beauty and radiance appropriate to the position of exaltation and rule over creation that God will give us, bearing some similarity to Christ's glorified body.
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random mutation
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according to evolutionary theory, the entirely random mechanism by which differences occurred when cells reproduced themselves, with the result that all life forms developed from the simples form without any intelligent direction or design.
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ransom to Satan theory
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the erroneous view that in the atonement Christ paid a ransom to Satan to redeem us out of his kingdom.
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rapture
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the taking up or snatching up of believers to be with Christ when he returns to the earth.
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reconciliation
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the removal of enmity and the restoration of fellowship between two parties; in the atonement, we were reconciled to God
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redemption
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the act of buying back sinners out of their bondage to sin and to Satan through the payment of a ransom.
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Reformed
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another term for the theological tradition known as Calvinism.
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regeneration
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a secret act of God in which he imparts new spiritual life to us; sometimes called "being born again."
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repentance
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a heartfelt sorrow for sin, a renouncing of it, and a sincere commitment to forsake it and walk in obedience to Christ
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reprobation
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the sovereign decision of God before creation to pass over some persons, in sorrow deciding not to save them, and to punish them for their sins, and thereby to manifest his justice.
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