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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three Major Domains
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Archae (Archeobacteria), Bacteria (Monera), Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
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Endosymbiotic theory and evidence of it
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Bacteria w/ different capabilities united together to form a eukaryotic cell. Evidence= mitochondrion and chloroplasts resemble entire bacterium
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Composition of Viruses
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Nucleic acid wrapped in protein
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Obligate parasites
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Must live at expense of another living cell. Ex. Virus
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Bacteria V. Eukaryotes
Cell Wall make-up Flagella make-up Respiration Spores Chlorophyll Cell Division DNA Translation Ribosomes |
Cell Wall: peptidoglycans v. lacking or cellulose or chitin
Flagella: flagellin protein v. microtubules of alpha and beta tubulin Respiration: on plasma membrane v. mitochondria Spores: presevation Ca+ dipicolinate v. for reproduction Cell Division: binary fission v. mitosis/meiosis DNA: single/circular v. multiple/linear Translation Ribosomes: 70S=50S+30S v. 80S=60S+40S |
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Bacteria Shapes
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Cocci: spherical
Bacilli: rod-shaped Spirilla or Spirochetes: Sprial or like commas |
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What are the different ways bacteria can appear in groups?
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diplo: pairs, cooci or bacilli
Strepto: chains Staphylo: grapelike clusters |
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Size of bacteria and viruses
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Bacteria: 100nm to 10 micrometers
Viruses: 100nm to 10nm |
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What is the function of plasma membrane in bacteria?
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Site of important enzyme systems.
Cytochromes are present here to carry out respiration and photosynthesis. |
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What is the bacterial membrane composed of?
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60% PROTEIN
40% lipid |
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Cell Wall composition
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petidoglycan: NAMand NAG, other polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, lipids complexed to proteins and polysaccharides
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Petidoglycans:
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proteins complexed to carbohydrates
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Gram+ cell wall v. Gram- cell wall
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Gram+: teichoic acid )polymer of glycerol
Gram-: large portion of lipid molecules, more complex than Gram+ cell wall b/c lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins |
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More susceptible to antibiotics gram+ or gram-
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Gram+: prevents linkages between NAM and NAG from forming
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Lysozyme
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natural enzymatic component of tears, saliva, and nasal secretions
breaks glycan portion of peptidoglycan and linkages between NAM and NAG |
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Glycocalyx
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fibrous polysaccharide or spherical glycoproteins outside cell wall
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Purpose of Glycocalyx
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sticky so it lets bacteria adhere to surfaces
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Capsule
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outer polysaccharide or polysaccharide-protein later
thick, slimy, and mucilaginous |
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Purpose of capsule
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increase virulence, make it hard for leukocytes to phagocytize bacteria
Ex. S. pneumoniae |
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Virulence
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Ability to infect a host
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Purpose of biofilms or pods
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together bacteria are pathogenic when alone they aren't
more difficult to remove |
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Different forms of flagella
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monotichous: one end of bacterial cell
lophotrichous: both ends peritrichous: all over |
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Fimbriae
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nonflagellar appendages that can completely cover cell
mainly in Gram- allow it to bind to human surfaces |
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Pilus
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cylindrical rod mainly in Gram- allow bacteria to attach to structures
used in conjugation and anchored in cell wall |
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mRNA
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codes and then carries genetic code directly off the DNA to the ribosome
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tRNA
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binds to amino acids from cytosol and transports them into ribosome and rRNA
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sedimentation constants
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unit which reflects both size and shape of macromolecules
determined by speed object moves through gradient in a spinning test tube Bacteria: 70S=50S+30S |
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Spore
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chromosom of DNA surrounded by layers of protein (cortex and keratin)
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Purpose of cortex in spores
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heat resistant molecule called dipicolinate
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Purpose of keratin in spore
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waterproofing
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transposons
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jumping genes of DNA
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transformation
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when DNA is transmitted from one bacterium to another in soluble DNA fragments
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competent
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in transformation when recipient cell has receptor sites for incoming DNA
occurs during certain times in growth of bacteria |
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Lysogenization
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virus called bacterio[hage or phage inserts itsef into bacterial genome and causes bacterium to express its genes differently
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transduction
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when phage infects one bacterium and leaves that bacterium to infect the next it sometimes drages some genetic infomation from first bacterium's DNA w/ it
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Conjugation
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F+ bacteria transmits its genes to another bacteria which lacks the factor
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plasmids
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small rings of DNA not attched to main chromosome
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Two types of plasmids
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F- (Hfr-): lack genes to make a pilus
F+ (Hfr+): can form pilus |
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Interruped Mating
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how they worked out first map gene order of E. Coli
took aliquots from mixture of Hfr and F- strains at different periods to see what genes were present in most at the time |
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Binary fission
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replication of DNA
DNA splits apart, each side of original DNA codes for complementary side producing two new rings 20-30 mins. |
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Microbial Growth Phases
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lag, log, stationary, log death
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Saphrophyte bacteria
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live on dead material and contribute to decay
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Parasite bacteria
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live on other living cells at expense of host cell
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Facultative parasite bacteria
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nourishment from nonliving material unless living cells are present
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Heterotrophs
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break big compounds into smaller ones to use as food
all pathogens and many nonpathogens |
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Autotrophs
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build large compounds from smaller molecules
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Content of water in bacteria in %
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70-80%
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Best temp. for bacteria
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98.6⁰F or 37⁰C
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Best pH for bacteria
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6-8
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Aerobic bacteria
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require oxygen
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obligate aerobe
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only grows in presence of oxygen
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anaerobe
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must get oxygen bound to compounds like nitrates and/or is killed by large amounts of free oxygen
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facultative
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can adapt to be aerobe or anaerobe if conditions are changing
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solute
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what is dissolved a solution
ex. salt, sugar |
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solvent
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main part of solution
ex. water |
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hypertonic
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bacterium has interior saltier than fluids outside
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hypotonic
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human fluids outside are more watery
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osmosis
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when water flows from hypotonic situation to hypertonic
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plasmolysis
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water leaves cytoplasm of bacteria quickly due to osmotic pressure causing bacteria to shrink and die
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toxins
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substances which in minute amounts are poisonous to cells
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exotoxins
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polypeptides or proteins secreted by living cells
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endotoxins
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lipopolysaccharide complexes of cell wall of some pathogens, usually released when cell is dying
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how to make toxoids
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inactivating a toxin so its not poisonous, toxin keeps molecular shape and structure so its sill antigenic and human immune system still makes antibodies
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Hemolysin
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cause red blood cells to lyse of break open
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Leucocidins
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destroy WBC called polymorphonuclear neutophils (first WBC in host's defence against disease to migrate to site of invasion
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Hyalouronidase
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digests hyaluronic acid (glue) to make tissues more permeable to bacteria
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coagulase
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accelerates blood clotting
ex. staph forming pimples, boils, etx. |
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Bacterial Kinases
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activate proteins that liquefy fibrin (clotting agent)
bacteria can spread faster through host |
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collagenase
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cause disintegration of collagen, allowing microbes to spread from original site of infection
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7 Strategies to elude host's immune system
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1.)Disable host's immune system
ex. HIV 2.)Resist immune weapons of host ex. Strep. pneumoniae gros capsule 3.)Camoflage: pathogen covers itself w/ molecule similar to host ex. E. Coli and sialic acid 4.)Hiding: viruses hide in crevasses of cell membranes 5.) Distraction:constantly changes its antigenic surgace 6.) Prevents its own synthesis 7.) Mimicry: mimics natural ligand so host cell will take it up |
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Infectious
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multiplying organisms cause pathology
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Nutritional Deficiency
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lack vitamin or mineral
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Congenital
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present at birth but usually refers to malformations in fetal development not inherited
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Genetic, Inherited, Metabolic
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genes w/ mutation in cells
ex. diabetes |
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Degenerative
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loss of function due to aging
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Neoplasic
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new growth
benign malignant |
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Immunologic
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hypersensitivities, autoimmunity, immune deficiencies, hyposensitivity
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Iatrogenic
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caused by medical procedure
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Nosocomial
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acquired in hospital
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Psychogenic
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mental state affects illness
ex. asthma |
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Idiopathic
Hypochondrial Spontaneous |
undetermined cause
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Mass sociogenic
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severity of illness imagined ex. post-911 mystery rash
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Predisposing Factors
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make body more susceptible to disease
ex. rapid exposure to cold temp. |
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Infection
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disease-causing bacteria multiply in host
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exogenous
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enters body through portal of entry
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endogenous
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disease caused by microorganism already in body
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Contamination
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presence of infectious material not necessarily causing infection
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Contagious
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infection easily spread from one person to another
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Communicable (same as contagious in this class)
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when otherwise healthy person gets contagious disease
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Noncommunicable
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usually enters body when host's resistance is low
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Resident population/Normal flora
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normal inhabitants of gut, skin, mucous membranes
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Local Effect of microbe
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effect is seen at site often as inflammation where microbes multiply
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General Effect of microbe
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Fever
Increased pulse rate anemia (after severe infections) change in # leukocytes increase in host immunity |
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leukocytosis
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increase in leukocytes as general effect of microbes
most infections can cause apendicities |
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leukopenia
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decrease in leukocytes
ex. some tropical fevers |
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How serious and how long an infection will last depends on 6 factors
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virulence of microbe
number of invading microbes host R' portal of entry portal of exit mechanism of spread |
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Portals of Entry
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skin: most can't enter through unbroken skin
Repiratory Apparatus Digestive Tract Genitourinary Tract Placenta |
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Portals of Exit
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Feces
Urine Semen/Vaginal Discharge Mucus Saliva Blood |
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Localized Infection
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microbes stay in particular spot
ex. pimples |
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Generalized Infection
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microbes are spread by bloodstream or lymphatic vessels
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Focal Infection
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Infection stays in one place for a week or so and then spreads
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Acute Infection
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symptoms occur in short time and immune system of host responds
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Chronic Infection
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Disease persists in host for long period of time
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Mixed Infection
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more than one microbe causes the pathology
ex. HIV and another` |
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Subclinical/Latent
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no symptoms but microbe is present/not multiplying
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Inoculation
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due to accidental or surgical penetration of skin and mucous membranes
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Bactermia
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Bacteria enter blood but don't multiply
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Septicemia
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Bacteria multiply in blood
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Pyemia
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Pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria in blood are spread to different parts of body
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Toxemia
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toxins from bacteria enter blood and cause disease
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Sapremia
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Saprophytic bacteria grow on dead tissue
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Terminal Infection
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patient w/ chronic wasting disease like cancer dies from immediate effect of bacterium
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Horizontal Spread of Infection
2 types |
Direct Contact:human to human/animal to human
Indirect contact: ex. food, drink, dust particles, fomites, accidental inoculation, insects |
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Vertical Spread
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from placenta to offspring
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Convalescent carries
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retain microbes for some days after illness
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Active carries
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carry microbes long after disease symptoms are gone
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Passive Carries
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never had disease but carry microbes and infect others
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Incubation
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period of time between microbes entering your body and when symptoms manifest themselves
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Length of incubation varies w/
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1.) virulence of microbe
2.) R' of host 3.) # of microbes entering 4.) distance from entry portal to focus of action |
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Prodromal Symptoms
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short time +/- just and hour or two, often accompanied w/ "somethings kinda wrong"
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Invasion
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Disease manifests itself, multiplying rapidly, fever, chills, length varies
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Fastigium
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acme of disease: can't get any worse
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Defervescence
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disease declines or conversely health improves
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Koch's Postulate for identifying agents of new diseases
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1.)
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Invasion
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Disease manifests itself, multiplying rapidly, fever, chills, length varies
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Fastigium
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acme of disease: can't get any worse
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Defervescence
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disease declines or conversely health improves
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Koch's Postulate for identifying agents of new diseases
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1.) µ should be present in all animals suffering from disease and absent from healthy animals
2.) µ must be grown in pure culture outside diseased animal host 3.) when culture is inoculated into healthy susceptible host, animal must develop symptoms of disease 4.) added on after Koch: µ must be reisolated from experimentally infected animal and shown to be identical w/ original isolate |
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What WHO can't do
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can't power to tell government what to do
can't hire vaccinators can't distribute vaccine only can distribute $ MOPUP |
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What is included in descriptive Laboratory Diagnosis
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# and frequency of cases
Kind of persons affected Mode of transmission Site Time Differentiate |
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Index cases
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First case of the epidemic
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2 types of analytical studies
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retrospective: look at those w/ and w/out disease and compare them
Prospective; collect data over time before the disease begins and compare two groups |
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Experimental
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compare a treated population w/ vaccine and a placebo
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Goals for future
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limit spread of infection
immunize protect water/food supply give antibiotics quarantine? address global issues: increase in urbanization, international travel, globalization commerce |
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pandemic
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high mortality in many geographical locations simultaneously with huge demand on healthcare system and delay, shortage, or no vaccines
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Three essential conditions for pandemic
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1.) virus must arise from animal reservoirs, one that has never infected humans, and therefore one to which no person has antibodies
2.) virus has to make humans sick 3.) virus must be able to spread easily through coughing, sneezing, or handshake |
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Vectors/portals of entry for Waste in Tanzania
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5 F's=flies, food, fingers, feces, fields
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How do epidemics arise
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disruption in equilibrium between host and virus
1.) genetic change in virus 2.) changes in ecological niche |
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antigenic drift
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minor mutations in DNA/RNA sequence of a virus
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Why are RNA viruses such as Influenza virus more likely to undergo antigenic drift
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RNA polymerase doesn't have proofreading skills and can't correct mutations like DNA polymerase
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Two major surface proteins of Influenza Virus and their functions
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HA Hemagglutinen: enables virus to bind to human cell surface
Neuraminidase: accelerates release of viral particles from cell surface |
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Antigenic Shift
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RNA recombination from different sources
2 viruses invade same cell causing new virus to emerge aka RECOMBINATION |
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Avain Flu Virus (H5N1)
How is it different than normal flu |
1.) patients had abnormally huge # cytokines causing inflammatory Rx
2.) more virus in blood in Avian flu patients so virus was being transported out of lungs into other organs |
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Cytokines
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proteins we make to fight bacteria/viruses
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How are they trying to control Avian Flu?
4 steps |
1.) US/EU suspended imports of chickens from SE Asisa
2.) get fowl enclosed inside vs. free range chickens 3.) vaccinate birds 4.) Culling the flocks |
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Medication for Avian Flu
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Neuraminidase inhibitors (Tamifluoseltamivir and Relenza-zanamivir)
prevents viral release from infected cells |
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Why are individual stockpiles of a flu drug discouraged?
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1.) Don't know adequate dose
2.) Flu drugs protect only as long as you are on them 3.) Reports bird flu virus= R' to Tamiflu 4.) Internet has inflated prices for Tamiflu |
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Drug GS4104
What is it for and how does it work? |
for influenza viruses
halts them spreading between cells in mucous membranes by blocking viral neuraminidase activity it imitates sialic acid on our cells |
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Endemic diseases
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permanently established in region
economically more destructive than epidemic diseases |
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Thermal Death Point
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temperature at which suspension of microbes is killed after 10 minutes
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Thermal Death Time
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length of time necessary at a given temperature to kill a suspension of microbes
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Types of Moist Heat
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Boiling, Autoclave, Pastureurization
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Types of Dry Heat
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Incineration or Direct Flaming
Hot-Air Sterilization Heating in Oil or Silicone Fluid 160 C/1 hour Granular Heating Method |
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Types of Radiation
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Ultraviolet Radiation
Microwave Irradiation X-Rays and other ionizing radiation LLasers |
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How do fluorescent Dyes kill bacteria and viruses
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uses oxygen to oxidize and kill them
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How does ultrasonic kill bacteria and viruses
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pass ultrasonce waves through cleaning solution
ex. dishwashers |
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Recommended Sequence of Events at Field of Operation
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Shave
If abdomen surgical scrub navel scrub incision line circular and away from incision for several minutes dry w/ sterile towel paint w/ antiseptic and drape w/ sterile linen |
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Concurrent Disinfection
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ongoing while patient present
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Sterilize
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remove all life
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Disinfect
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remove disease-producing organisms and their products associated w/ fomites
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sanitize
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reduce # of bacteria to artificial standard
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antiseptic
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prevent multiplication of bacteria on living body (doesn't necessarily kill bacteria)
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germicides
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kill bacteria (not necessarily spores)
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asepsis
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absence of pathogens from an area
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decontamination
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kill microbes known to have heavy growth
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fumigation
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gases to kill insects
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bacteriostasis
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bacteria are prevented from multiplying ex. refigerator
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Broad Spectrum
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kill as much as possible
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Action of antiseptics and disinfectants
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oxidize microbial cells
combine w/ microbial proteins to form salts coagulate proteins to inactivate vital enzymes of microbes disrupt cell modify permeability of microbe's plasma membrane |
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Surface Active Agents
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Detergents: ionize in water
Soaps: alkali that suspends in dirt |
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Chloride Compounds
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Diaprene Chloride: disinfect diapers
Ceepryn Chloride: mouthwash vs. pathogens in mouth |
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Heavy Metal Compounds
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Silver Nitrate: cauterize wounds
Organic Mercury: reacts w/ sufhydryl groups on microbial cell Zinc Salts: use vs. anaerobes Copper Sulfate: ex. algae in swimming pools |
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Alcohols and Aldehydes
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higher molecular weight=more effective the alcohol is
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Phenols and Derivatives
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phenol: effective mainly in G+
Hexachlorophene: in surgical scrubs and on pre/post op skins of patients |
