Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Catabiolic Pathways
What is Cellular Respitation |
Aerobic and anaerobic catabolic pathways for organic molecules, which use an electron transport chain resulting in the production of ATP.
Aerobic= with oxygen Anaerobic = without oxygen |
|
Catabiolic Pathways
What is Aerobic respiration? |
Catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain resulting in the production ATP.
|
|
Catabiolic Pathways
What is redox reaction? |
Chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more elec-trons from one reaction to another.
|
|
Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction What is oxidation? |
Loss of electrons from a substance.
|
|
Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction What is reduction? |
Addition of electrons to a substance.
|
|
Catabiolic Pathways
redox reaction What is Goal |
Catabolic pathways are linked to a
chemical drive shaft – ATP; the cell must regenerate its sup-ply of ATP from ADP + P in order to keep working. |
|
NAD: (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
|
a co-enzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, acting as an electron carrier.
|
|
Electron transport chain
|
Sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that re-lease energy to make ATP.
|
|
Glycolysis
|
Series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate; occurs in almost all living cells serving as the starting point for cellular respiration and fermentation.
|
|
Citric acid cycle
|
Chemical cycle that involves the breakdown of glucose molecules (initiated in glycolysis) by oxidizing acetyl Co A derived from pyruvate to CO2.
|
|
Oxidative phosphorylation
|
Production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
|
|
Chemiosmosis
|
Energy-coupling mechanism that uses
energy stored in the form of a hydro-gen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; process by which most ATP synthesis occurs under aerobic conditions |
|
ATP synthase
|
Complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains; found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukary-otic cells, plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
|
|
Fermentation
|
Catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain; produces characteristic end products (ethanol or lactic acid).
|
|
Anaerobic respiration
|
Catabolic process in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
|
|
Alcohol fermentation
|
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2.
|
|
Lactic acid fermentation
|
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release CO2.
|
|
Obligate anaerobes
|
Organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; not only is oxygen not required, but may be toxic.
|
|
Facultative anaerobes
|
Organisms that make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.
1. example: Escherichia coli. |
|
A.Carbohydrate Metabolism
|
1. In the digestive tract, starch is hydrolyzed to glucose.
2. Between meals, glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose. 3. Digestion of disaccharides (sucrose) provide glucose for respiration. |
|
Lipid Metabolism
|
Fats obtained from foods or storage cells in the body can be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.
2. Fatty acids can be broken down to 2C fragments of acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle. 3. Glycerol can be converted into an intermediate of glycolysis. 4. A gram of fat produces twice as much ATP than a gram of carbohydrate. 5. Carbohydrates not immediately used during respira-tion are converted into lipids and stored in the body. |
|
Protein Metabolism
|
1. Proteins must first be broken down into amino acids
2. Amino groups must be removed, otherwise toxic 3. Carboxylic acids can be fed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. 4. Protein mols are only used after all carbohydrates and lipids have been exhausted. 5. Protein metabolism results from starvation or anorexia nervosa. |