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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nahum Date |
663-612 |
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Nahum - Domestic Conditions |
The good that Hezekiah started was undone by hisson during the long reign of wicked Manasseh (687-642). Judah then had a periodof revival under Josiah (640-609). Josiah’s reform included political andreligious independence from the weakening Assyria, but the reform was cut shortby Josiah’s death in 609. |
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Nahum - Intl Conditions |
Assyria was weakening in power and Babylonianempire was rising. In 614 the Assyrian empire toppled (Nineveh falls, 612). Egypt and Babylon each hoped torule over Judah (Josiah was killed in the battle at Megiddo which ended thereform he had started). The Babylonians,under Nebuchadnezzar, defeated the Egyptians and therefore Judah as well. It was Nebuchadnezzar that conqueredJerusalem in 586 (the final victory). |
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Nahum - Main Message |
○ Comfort to Judah: Assyrian tyrannywould have an end. The destruction of Nineveh (the capital city of Assyria) wasGod’s vindication of his people. ○ Nature of God: Yahweh is both slowto anger AND great in power (to save, protect, and vindicate his own).
○ Relation to Jonah: more than a centuryhas passed since Jonah went to Nineveh. ○ Moral Issue: Is Nahumgloating over Nineveh? When the prophet rejoices in the fall ofsuch a vicious and arrogant enemy, he is rejoicingin one aspect of the character of the Lord (1.3). In one sense, thedestruction of an empire as brutal as that of Assyria is a symbol of finaltriumph of the Lord over all forces of evil. ○ Our response to Nahum is diagnostic forour empathy with the oppressed. |
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Nahum - Outline |
○ 1 Poem of God's Character and Judgment(Lord's vengeance) ○ 2 Siege and sack of Nineveh ○ 3 Nineveh's sins and fall |
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Zephaniah - Dates |
640-628 |
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Zephaniah - Domestic Conditions |
Same as Nahum |
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Zephaniah - Intl Conditions |
Same as Nahum |
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Zephaniah - Main Messages |
● "Day of theLord"(THEME) would mean judgment on those in Judah who were unfaithful, as well ason the nations. ● But it would result in purification forthe remnant and a time of blessing.
● Zeph. tells us what to expect in avisitation from the Lord: sweeping away of chaff (hypocrites) and purificationof remnant that they might serve God in holiness.
● Punishment is not God’s final word, itis a means to an end: restoration and salvation for the faithful remnant.
● Ultimate message is hope and salvationfor remnant of Israel |
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Zephaniah - Key Verse |
2.1-3 ("Day of the LORD") - "Before the decree takes effect --before the day passes away like chaff--before there comes upon you the burning anger of the LORD, before there comesupon you the day of the anger of the LORD. Seek the LORD, all you humble of theland, who do his just commands; seek righteousness; seek humility; perhaps youmay be hidden on the day of the anger of the LORD.” |
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Zephaniah - Day of the Lord |
● Two facets: judgment and blessing - both facets share two time frames: 1. Immediate: Judah and the nations will be punished in thevery near future, but hope is also a possibility in the short term. 2. Eschatological: In the unspecified future both Judah and the nations will face notonly judgment, but also enjoy benefit. |
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Habakkuk - Dates |
640-630 |
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Habakkuk - Domestic Conditions |
Same as Nahum and Zephaniah |
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Habakkuk - Intl Conditions |
Same as Nahum and Zephaniah |
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Habakkuk - Main Messages |
● Endure and don’t give up. There will be times of great difficulty at the hands of the Chaldeans,but the corporate community of God’s people is called to be faithful in themidst of this difficulty. ● LORD has already announced his comingsalvation, so this is no time to give up (despair) or give in (capitulate).There will be ultimate vindication! |
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Habakkuk - Interpretive Matters |
● The righteous shall live by faith (2:4) - This is a whole soul faith, not just cognitive assent. Results infaithfulness as response to God. It is a difficult faith that we must maintaineven through difficulties. Defined byCollins as “firm attachment to God, confidence in the divine promises ofgrace.”
● Paul cites Hab. 2:4 in Rom. 1:16, not as a slogan but exegetically as part of the"Story," so that we need to read Rom. 1:16 as part of the narrativethat Habakkuk is telling prophetically.
● Participantsin Ch. 1 and 2: probably both Babylonians (Chaldeans) and Assyrians. Habakkuksees Chaldeans as rising up to punish Judah (Ch. 1), and the defeat of theAssyrians who have oppressed Judah (Ch. 2). ● "Woes" of Ch. 2 are onBabylon and Assyria as nations, not as individual evildoers. ● Habakkuk “spoke to God about Judah’sproblems, not to Judah about God’s." Why? Because Habakkuk is faithfully reporting his vision, which is an"inspired inquest" whose message is both the questions and answers. |
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Habakkuk - Outline |
1:1 Superscription
1:2-4 First Complaint: Wicked Assyrian oppressors
1:5-11 First Answer: God will punish Assyria through Babylonians
1:12-2:1 Second Complaint: How is this a solution, God?
2:2-20 God’s Answer: His justice will be vindicated bydestruction of all oppressors
3 Habakkuk’s Response: Prayer of trust and expectation |
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Jeremiah - Dates |
627-580 |
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Jeremiah - Judean Monarchs |
○ Josiah ○ Jehoahaz (son of Josiah) ○ Jehoiakim (son of Josiah)
○ Jehoiachin (son of Jehoiakim)
○ Zedekiah (son of Josiah) |
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Jeremiah - Gentile Monarchs |
○ 669-627: Assurbanipal reigns over Assyria○ 626-605: Nabopolassar reigns over Babylon○ 610-595: Necho reigns over Egypt ○ 605-562: Nebuchadrezzar reigns over Babylon |
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Jeremiah - Domestic Conditions |
● 628/27: Josiah’s reform begins ○ Reform not able to stamp out unfaithfulness
● 622: Book of the Law found
● 609: Judah becomes a vassal to Pharaoh Nechoof Egypt ● 605: Judah becomes a vassal to Nebuchadnezzarof Babylon
● Jeremiah’s ministry overlapped with all threedeportations to Babylon ○ 605 (Jehoiakim becomes vassal) ○ 597 (Jehoiakim dies during siege, Jehoiachinbecomes king, then exiled) ○ 587 (Zedekiah and his sons killed, Jerusalemdestroyed) ● Judah persists in its unfaithfulness despiteJeremiah’s ministry ○ Idolatry and immorality |
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Jeremiah - Intl Conditions |
○ 626: Assyrian dominance fades withNabopolassar victory ○ Nabopolassar establishes independent Babylonianmonarchy ○ 612: Babylonians take Nineveh
o 609: Josiah fights Necho to prevent him from helping the Assyrians.Josiah is killed.
○ 605: Nebuchadrezzar defeats Necho atCarchemish
○ 605: Nebuchadrezzar becomes king of Babylon |
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Jeremiah - Main Message |
○ Sin of Judah ○ Coming judgment if Judah did not repent. |
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Jeremiah - Messiah |
Jeremiah 23:4-8
· 1-4: Indictment on the shepherds, and God’spromise to restore the people and give them good shepherds
· 5-8: o The Lord will raise up for David a righteous Branch o The Branch will reign in wisdom, righteousness and justice o In his days Judah will be saved and Israel will dwell securely o The Branch shall be called “The LORD is our righteousness. · Jesus is building off of this passage when hecalls himself the good Shepherd in John. |
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Jeremiah - New Covenant |
Jer. 31:27-40 · God’s covenants have an objective side and asubjective side. o Objective: the way God administers his people, and what they are tobelieve. o Subjective: the way God’s people are called to embrace his covenantalgrace from their hearts. · The new covenant in Jer. 31 is referring tothe subjective side of the covenant. o His concern was not with redemptive-historical changes (objective), butwith the problem of God’s covenant people lacking inward covenant reality(subjective). o Hence, the new covenant was a situation in which this failure would becured. · It is best to take the term “new covenant” asa metonymy for “new situation in which the people embrace the covenant from theheart.” · This will occur sometime after Israel’srestoration from exile. |
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Jeremiah - Shepherds |
● “Shepherds” are those who have responsibilityfor guiding Israel in living faithfully as God’s flock ● Both what we would call “civil” and“religious” leaders, but there was no division between the two in Israel’stheocracy. ● The covenant faithfulness of Israel is tiedto the shepherd’s faithfulness in discharging their duties.
● The shepherds are blamed for theunfaithfulness of Israel.
● This has a parallel to our calling aspastors.
● Jesus is building off of this shepherdmaterial when he calls himself the good |
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Jeremiah - Symbolic Actions/Acted Sermons |
● The linen waistcloth (ch. 13) ● The potter's house (ch. 18) ● The broken jar (ch. 19) ● The bonds and yokes he wore (chs. 27-28) ● The purchase of his kinsman's field (ch. 32) |
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Ezekiel - Dates |
592-565 |
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Ezekiel - Domestic Conditions |
Because of their unfaithfulness, Judah is exiled to Babylon in threedeportations: ● 605 (Judah becomes vassal) ● 597 (Ezekiel deported) ● 587 (Jerusalem destroyed) |
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Ezekiel - Intl Conditions |
● 626: Assyrian dominance fades withNabopolassar victory ● Nabopolassar establishes independentBabylonian monarchy ● 612: Babylonians take Nineveh ● 605: Nebuchadrezzar defeats Necho atCarchemish ● 605: Nebuchadrezzar becomes king of Babylon |
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Ezekiel - Main Messages |
● The specifics of Ezekiel’s call (2:1-3:15)anticipate his main themes: ○ Hardened and rebellious people of Judah(2:3-4) ○ Necessity of communicating exactly what Godsays (2:7-3:3 ○ Influence of the Spirit (3:12-14 - includingunusual manners of revelation ) ○ The effect on Ezekiel himself and hiscommunication with the exiled Judeans ● Chs. 20 and 36 spell out the nature of God’s grace (inspite of repeated provocations), the new birth and its effects (no longer willGod’s people presume on his forbearance), and the goal of God in saving peoplefor himself. He will see the story through to its conclusion; do the people ofJudah want to have a part in that? |
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Ezekiel - Messianic Passage |
34:11-15 ● “Shepherds” are those who have responsibilityfor guiding Israel in living faithfully as God’s flock ● Both what we would call “civil” and“religious” leaders, but there was no division between the two in Israel’stheocracy. ● Shepherds, particularly the priests andLevites, have been using their calling as a way of self-enrichment. God has torescue his sheep from the shepherds! ● God is actually being very reasonable in hisintense anger – he is siding with those of his people that are being exploited ● In v. 15 God says he will be their shepherd,but in vv. 23-24 he says his Servant David will be their shepherd. How can thisbe? ○ This passage is background to Jn. 10, whereJesus refers to himself as the good Shepherd. ○ When Jesus says he is the good Shepherd, itis a messianic claim. He is both God and the Son of David, who has come toshepherd his sheep.l |
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Ezekiel - New Covenant |
● God’s covenants have an objective side and asubjective side. ● Objective: the way God administers hispeople, and what they are to believe. ● Subjective: the way God’s people are calledto embrace his covenantal grace from their hearts. ● The new covenant in Ezek. 36 is referring tothe subjective side of the covenant. ● His concern was not withredemptive-historical changes (objective), but with the problem of God’scovenant people lacking inward covenant reality (subjective). ● Hence, the new covenant was a situation inwhich this failure would be cured by Godputting his Spirit within them [Ezk.]. ● It is best to take the term “new covenant” asa metonymy for “new situation in which the people embrace the covenant from theheart.” ● This will occur sometime after Israel’srestoration from exile. |
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Ezekiel - Symbolic Actions/Acted Sermons |
4:1-5:17 · engraving a city under siege on a brick· laying on his left side for 390 days forIsrael and on his right side 40 days for Judah· special bread baked on human dung/cow’s dung · using a sword as a razor, burning hair, etc.· all of these point toward the destruction ofJerusalem and the exile · Fairbairn thinks these took place in hisvision, not literally. Collins disagrees. |
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Ezekiel - Outline |
1-24 The Day of the LORD:Israel’s doom 25-32 The Day of the LORD:Nations’ doom 33-48 The Day of the LORD:Israel’s Restoration |
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Jeremiah and Ezekiel - Overlap |
1. Jeremiah and Ezekiel were roughly contemporaries(Jeremiah is older) 2. Both record their calls to ministry (Jer. 1; Ez.1-2) 3. Both come from priestly families (Jer. 1:1; Ez.1:3) 4. Both ministered on verge of Babylonian exile, prior to destruction ofJerusalem in 586 (Jeremiah in Jerusalem, Ezekiel in Babylon in 2nd deportation) 5. Thus,they both wrote to the second group of deportees intoBabylon (579 exile) 6. Bothprophesied about Judah's current condition that would lead to Jerusalem'sdestruction; but both proclaimed hope for restoration (per promise of Deut.30). 7. That is, both talk about the new covenant (Ezek.36:22-32; Jer. 31:27-40) 8. Both address Israel's ungodly"Shepherds" and God's future provision of good shepherds (Ezek. 34;Jer. 2:8; 3:15; 10:12; 23:1-4) 9. Both have “acted sermons” (Ezek. 4; Jer. 13; 18;19; 27-28; 32) 10. Both quote the proverb about "eating grapesand setting teeth on edge," but with disapproval (Jer. 31; Ez. 18) |
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Jeremiah and Ezekiel - Differences |
1. Jeremiah prophesied in Judah before and duringthe exile, while Ezekiel prophesied in Babylon during the exile. 2. Jeremiah warned of coming judgment, whereasEzekiel explained why the judgment occurred. 3. Jeremiah – commanded to remain single// Ezek.commanded not to mourn his wife’s death |
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Obadiah - Dates |
After 586 |
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Obadiah - Domestic |
Jerusalemwas morally rotten and experienced the Lord’s discipline at the hands ofNebuchadnezzar. The Babylonians sacked Jerusalem. Edom either aligned themselves with Babylon or joined in pillagingJerusalem. |
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Obadiah - Intl |
(Esauand Jacob) Edom (country onsoutheastern edge of Dead Sea) had scavenged Jerusalem after it was besieged. Nebuchadnezzar andNeo-Babylonian Empire were dominant power. Kingdom of Edom appears to havelasted for a while beyond Judah; it is unclear what relation they had withBabylonians. They certainly helped to pillage Jerusalem. Judah ceased to existas a distinct national-political entity at this point. |
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Obadiah - Main Messages |
● Justice of God andhis zeal for his people. ● Edomites will facedivine judgment because they participated in fall of Jerusalem - the "Dayof the Lord" (for Edom). While Edom is an instrument in God's punishmentof Judah, Edom is not excused of its cruelty against Judah. ● God is building hispeople into a holy temple where he will make his presence know: this is God'splan through the ages. The covenant people will never fail or perish. They willbe restored to take possession of their inheritance. The zeal of the LORD willaccomplish it. |
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Obadiah - Outline |
1-7 Guilt of Edom 8-18 Punishment of Edom
19-21 Epilogue: the people of God reoccupytheir own land |
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Obadiah - Day of the Lord |
God will see to it that Edom gets punished as anapplication of the Day of the Lord for all nations (v. 15). He will restore hisown people to their prosperity (v 17), and even use them as an agent incarrying out Edom’s punishment (v 18). |
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Obadiah - Story |
● The destruction of Jerusalem came from God, through theinstrument of Edom (and the Gentiles), as discipline for the people’sdisloyalty to the covenant. But, the destruction of Jerusalem is not the end ofthe story; God’s covenant people will be restored and flourish again, retakingpossession of their inheritance. |
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Daniel - Dates |
605-536 Danielwas in first wave of deportees in 605. He had a long prophetic careerstretching from Nebuchadnezzar to the third year of Cyrus’ reign in Babylon(536). |
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Daniel - Domestic |
Judahwas morally rotten. Egypt held control of Judah and replaced its king withJehoiakim in 609. In 605, Pharaoh Neco was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at theBattle of Carchemish, at which time Nebuchadnezzar took the first wave ofexiles. In 597 Nebuchadnezzar besieged the rebellious city of Jerusalem andtook 3000 more exiles from upper levels of society. King Jehoiakim - 609-598 1st Deportation 605: Nebuchadnezzar takesDaniel, small number of royal family Nebuchadnezzar’s siege of Jerusalem - 597 2nd Deportation 597: King Jehoiakim exiled with3000 of Judah’s elite. 3rd Exile 586:Main population exiled Cyrus’ Decree 538: Jews return (end of exile) |
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Daniel - Intl |
Danielwitnessed the height of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in his exile underNebuchadnezzar. He also witnessed their defeat to the rising Medo-PersianEmpire under Cyrus (539). Daniel’s career spans the whole time of the exile. Hewitnessed Cyrus’ decree in 538 to let the Jews return to Jerusalem and rebuildtheir temple. Nebuchadnezzar’s reign 605-562 Nabonidus’/Belshazzar’sreign 562-539 (Belshazzar was Nabonidus’ son/coregent) Cyrus’reign 539-530 |
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Daniel - Main Messages |
● God is sovereign over history and empires, setting up andremoving kings as he pleases. Eventually, kingdoms of this world will bereplaced by the Lord’s everlasting kingdom. Thetotal message of the book, then, is nothing less than a survey, part historicaland part prophetic, of the whole period of Gentile imperial rule fromNebuchadnezzar’s first assault upon Jerusalem and the removal of its Davidicking until the abolition of all Gentile imperial power and the setting up of theMessianic kingdom. |
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Daniel - Outline |
1-6 Daniel and his friends 7-12 Daniel’s visions |
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Daniel - Story |
“The people of Judah could have interpreted theirexile to Babylon as the end of their special relationship with God. But notonly does the book of Daniel show them that it is possible to be faithful toGod even away from the Promised Land, it also shows them that God has notabandoned his plan for the whole world: he controls all of history, even themost dire conflicts, to bring his Messiah’s rule to all nations.” |
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Haggai - Dates |
520 |
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Haggai - Domestic |
Judahis impoverished. Cyrus’decree in 538 allowed Jews to return to Judah. In 537 they began rebuilding thetemple, but work slowed to a stop as the influx of immigrants created otherpressing concerns. In 520, rebuilding resumed under Haggai and Zechariah.Temple rebuilt between 520—516. |
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Haggai - Intl |
Justafter a time of internal upheaval in the Persian Empire. King Cambyses, who was apathetic to the Jewish temple,succeeded Cyrus in 530 and died in 522. Darius eventually gained control of thekingdom in 522, and work on the temple resumed. |
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Haggai - Main Messages |
● People of Judahshould get back to work and finish rebuilding the temple.
● Their present circumstances of poverty were due to theirspiritual malaise, and that malaise manifested itself in their failure to workon the temple. ● "God's will and work must always take priority"(Wiseman) ● Honor of God is bound up with rebuilding temple. Templeserved as token to nations that YHWH alone rules the earth, and had taken hispeople back after disciplining them: Temple was outward sign and mediatorof God's presence with his people! |
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Haggai - Outline |
1:1-15 Agricultural Failure: People Have Refused to Re-Build the Temple
2:1-9 New Age: TheGlory of the New Temple and Age as Compared to the Old 2:10-19 Agricultural Failure: People Had Defiled Themselves by a Temple"Corpse" 2:20-23 New Age: Hope for Revival of the Davidic Dynasty (Zerubbabel "signetring") |
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Haggai - Sacrifice and Worship |
The Temple was the authorized place for offering sacrifices, which wasIsrael's sacramental worship system. No one can be in right relationship withGod apart from authorized means of atonement and worship. |
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Haggai - Messiah |
● (2:20-23) The word of theLORD came a second time to Haggai on the twenty-fourth day of the month, 21"Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying, I am about to shake theheavens and the earth, 22 and to overthrow the throne of kingdoms. Iam about to destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations, and overthrowthe chariots and their riders. And the horses and their riders shall go down,every one by the sword of his brother. 23 On that day, declares theLORD of hosts, I will take you, O Zerubbabel my servant, the son of Shealtiel,declares the LORD, and make you like a signet ring, for I have chosen you,declares the LORD of hosts." ● Zerubbabel is part of Jesus’ genealogy in Matt 1:13. This isa reaffirmation to the house of David, even though the Davidic king is not onthe throne. ● “In this book the glory of David’s dynasty is severelyattenuated—perhaps like that of the temple (cf. Hag 2.3). Note how both dynastyand temple are joined in 2 Chr. 7—so here in Haggai they’re combined in theirlow estate.” |
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Haggai - Story |
: Here we see the outworking of the Davidic covenant of 2 Sam. 7 (by wayof Kings and Chronicles), setting the Messianic prophecies in the propheticalbooks in their historic context. |
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Zechariah - Dates |
520-516 |
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Zechariah - Domestic |
Same as Haggai |
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Zechariah - Intl |
Same as Haggai |
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Zechariah - Main Messages |
● God will renewcovenant with the restored people and be faithful to them.
● The promise to David(2 Sam 7) still stands - the Messiah will come. ● Therefore the peopleshould take courage and have faith that God is in fact with them. God, whocontrols history, will vindicate himself, his Messiah, and his people. ● God, who controlshistory, will vindicate himself, his Messiah, and his people: "even God'sMessiah will die at the hands of evil men; but when evil has done its worst,the LORD remains king and will be seen to be king by all nations."(Baldwin). |
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Zechariah - Outline |
1:1-6 Introduction: the lessonof history 1:7-6:15 Visions portraying God’s zealfor rebuilding Zion
7:1-8:23 Prophetic exhortation based onhistory 9:1-14:21 Elaboration of Messianic theme |
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Zechariah - Messiah |
Zechariah is "heavily Messianic" (Collins). In both parts(1-8, and 9-14) no mention is made of an earthly ruler except the Messiah"(Higginson). Note mention of the "Branch" (3:8, 6:12); priestly androyal functions will merge (6:13); the coming king (9:9-17); the one pierced(12:10); the Shepherd (13:7). |
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Malachi - Dates |
460 Either shortly before Ezra’s coming to Jerusalem(458, Collins) or shortly before Nehemiah’s reforms in Neh. 13 (433 BC) [c. 460] |
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Malachi - Domestic |
● Post exile, beforeEzra and Nehemiah. Revival and excitementproduced by ministry of Haggai and Zechariah had worn off. Now a time ofcomplaining, perfunctory worship, faithless and unauthentic priestly ministry,faithless marriage practices – basic self-centeredness. Judah was definitely not ready for the Day of the Lord! (3:2,17; 4:1-5)
● Marriageof heathen wives ● Neglectin paying tithes ● Disregardof the Sabbath and its ministry● Corruptionof the priesthood ● Socialinjustice |
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Malachi - Intl |
Artaxerxes I(Persia). Nabatean conquest of Edom in the late 6th or early 5thcentury B.C. The Edomites were completely driven out by 312 B.C. |
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Malachi - Main Messages |
● Covenantalfaithfulness; Preparing ourselves for God’s blessing by presenting to him thekind of lives that he delights in. |
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Malachi - Outline |
Superscription (1.1) Lord's Great Love for Israel (1.2-5) 5 Disputations with Israel (1.6-3.18) Great Day of the Lord (4) |
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Malachi - Key Verses |
1.2; 1.3(teaching the people of covenant) "I have loved you," says the LORD.But you say, "How have you loved us?" "Is not Esau Jacob'sbrother?" declares the LORD. "Yet I have loved Jacob but Esau I havehated. I have laid waste his hill country and left his heritage to jackals ofthe desert." |
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Joel - Dates |
400 Collinssays c. 400. (anywhere from ca. 515 to 350) probably post-exilic.Because the exact date for Joel cannot be determined, neither can thesignificant monarchs. |
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Joel - Domestic |
From the Text Thesins that preoccupied the pre-exilic prophets are not mentioned in Joel. Stablecultic community
o Astrong role for the priests in the community
o Normaloperations in the Temple with no apparent competition from pagan cults |
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Joel - Intl |
● The Greeks were not yet a world power (3:6)● The destruction of Sidon was still in the future(3:4, 7) |
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Joel - Main Message |
● Yahweh’sjudgment, both in its present and apocalyptic forms: ● TheLORD’s judgment is transformed into salvation when people repent. ● Rendyour hearts and not your garments.● God not only meets his people’s material needs(2:21-27) but gives his very self as well (3:1-5). He opens to all the securityof Zion. |
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Joel - Outline |
1:1 Superscription 1:2-2:17 Lament 2:18-3:21 God’s response to the lament and thefuture age |
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Joel - Day of the Lord |
The day of the Lord may come many times, but each one moves closer tothe final consummation. Day of the Lord is not an isolated day or event butprocess that includes: ● Jerusalem’s suffering at the hands of a terribleinvader (2:1ff) ● Universal prophesying ● Outpouring of the Spirit of the Lord on all hispeople (3:1-4, cf. Num. 11:29) ● Final judgment on God’s enemies |
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Joel - Day of Locusts Relationship between Chp 1 and 2 |
● Some (including Bullock) see Ch. 1 as describinga literal plague of locusts that occurred during Joel’s lifetime, and Ch. 2describes the same locust plague in terms of an invading army. ● Collins: Ch. 1 is about a literal plague oflocusts, but Ch. 2 is about an invading human army that is described in termsof the apocalyptic day of the Lord.○ Note that the invader is called “the Northerner”in 2:20 |
