Berkowitz 10-11-07 Sleep Architecture

Front 1

Sleep is generally characterized by an increased rate of ________ (the synthesis of cell structures),

Back 1

anabolism

Front 2

Sleep is generally characterized by a decreased rate of ________ (the breakdown of cell structures).

Back 2

catabolism

Front 3

A REM cycle last about how long?

Back 3

90-110 mins

Front 4

REM sleep is characterized by an electroencephalography (EEG) that has ____ voltage and ____ frequency, similar in appearance to the wakeful EEG

Back 4

low


mixed

Front 5

During REM sleep there is loss of skeletal muscle tone, and an active _______ nervous system.

a) sympathetic
b) parasympathetic

Back 5

a) sympathetic

Front 6

Non-REM encompasses four stages:

They are differentiated solely using ____

Back 6

EEG

Front 7

limb movements, and parasomnia sleep walking occurs in what stage of sleep

Back 7

non-REM sleep.

Front 8

Rechtschaffen and Kales originally outlined the criteria for staging sleep in ____

Back 8

1969

Front 9

Both REM sleep and NREM sleep stages 3 and 4 are homeostatically driven; that is, if a human is selectively deprived of one of these, it _________ once the person is allowed to sleep

Back 9

rebounds

Front 10

NREM accounts for ______% of total sleep time

Back 10

75–80

Front 11

During Stage N1 the brain transitions from ____ waves (common to people who are awake and having a frequency of 8 to 13 Hz) to ____ waves (frequency of 4 to 7 Hz).

Back 11

alpha

theta

Front 12

This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence, or "drowsy sleep"

Back 12

Stage N1

Front 13

Associated with the onset of sleep during N1 may be sudden twitches and _____- jerks

Back 13

hypnic

Front 14

Other people may also experience hypnagogic _______ during this stage, which can be more troublesome

Back 14

hallucinations

Front 15

Stage N2, is characterized by "sleep _______" (12 to 16 Hz) and "K-complexes."

Back 15

spindles

Front 16

Stage N2 occupies _____% of total sleep

Back 16

45 to 55

Front 17

In Stage N3, the ____ waves, also called delta rhythms (0.5 to 4 Hz) make up less than 50% of the total wave-patterns

Back 17

delta

Front 18

Stage N3: This is considered part of the ____-wave sleep (SWS) and functions primarily as a transition into stage N4

Back 18

slow

Front 19

This is the stage in which night terrors, bed wetting, sleepwalking, and sleep-talking occur.

Back 19

Stage N3

Front 20

In Stage N4, ____-waves make up more than 50% of the wave-patterns

Back 20

delta

Front 21

REM sleep (Stage __, or Stage ___) is popularly associated with dreaming, especially bizarre, visual, and seemingly random dreams

Back 21

R

5

Front 22

dreams can also occur during sleep onset (________) and during all other stages of sleep

Back 22

hypnagogia

Front 23

REM sleep is predominant in the _______ third of a sleep period

Back 23

final

Front 24

The EEG in the REM period is aroused and looks similar to stage 1, and sometimes includes ____ waves.

Back 24

beta

Front 25

______ Sleep is a phase of sleep in newborns that appears similar to REM sleep in adults

Back 25

Active

Front 26

Why do some scientists think that active sleep is different from REM sleep?

Back 26

differences between a developing central nervous system and a mature one

Front 27

We typically spend more than __ hours each night dreaming

Back 27

2

Front 28

Sigmund Freud, who greatly influenced the field of psychology, believed dreaming was a "safety valve" for unconscious ____

Back 28

desires

Front 29

REM sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the ____

Back 29

pons

Front 30

After the pons, REM sleep signals travel to a brain region called the ______,

Back 30

thalamus

Front 31

If something interferes with REM paralysis, people will begin to physically "act out" their dreams – a rare, dangerous problem called ________

Back 31

REM sleep behavior disorder.

Front 32

People taught a skill and then deprived of (what stage?) sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people deprived of (what stage?) sleep could not.

Back 32

non-REM


REM

Front 33

The cortex is the part of the brain that interprets and organizes information from the environment during consciousness. It may be that, given random signals from the ___ during REM sleep, the cortex tries to interpret these signals as well, creating a "story" out of fragmented brain activity.

Back 33

pons

Front 34

_____ levels are highest during the night, and this hormone appears to promote sleep

Back 34

melatonin

Front 35

____, a nucleoside involved in generating energy for biochemical processes, gradually accumulates in the human brain during wakefulness, and decreases during sleep

Back 35

Adenosine

Front 36

The stimulant properties of _____ are attributed to its negating the effects of adenosine

Back 36

caffeine

Front 37

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus plays an important role and also generates its own rhythm in isolation. In the presence of light it sends messages to the pineal gland that instruct it to cease secreting _____

Back 37

melatonin

Front 38

Sleep is a dynamic time of healing and growth for organisms. For example, during stages 3 and 4, or slow-wave sleep, growth hormone levels ______, and immune function changes.

Back 38

increase

Front 39

sleep deprivation (has or has not?) been conclusively shown to significantly impact organ, muscular, cardiac or other somatic function in ways that suggest that any of these systems are primarily influenced by sleep.

Back 39

has not

Front 40

Non-REM sleep may be an ___-bolic state marked by physiological processes of growth and rejuvenation of the organism's immune, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems (but see above).

Back 40

anabolic

Front 41

Wakefulness may perhaps be viewed as a cyclical, temporary, hyperactive ____-bolic state during which the organism acquires nourishment and procreates.

Back 41

catabolic

Front 42

According to the ____-genetic hypothesis of REM sleep, the activity occurring during neonatal REM sleep (or active sleep) seems to be particularly important to the developing organism

Back 42

ontogenetic

Front 43

REM sleep appears to help the consolidation of _______ memory

Back 43

spatial and procedural

Front 44

slow-wave sleep helps with the consolidation of _______ memories

Back 44

declarative

Front 45

the effectiveness of _______ memorization is similar with or without an intervening period of sleep

Back 45

rote

Front 46

only a handful of studies have shown that sleep actually influences brain ______, the mechanism underlying remembering and forgetting

Back 46

plasticity

Front 47

The National Sleep Foundation maintains that ______hours of sleep for adult humans is optimal and that sufficient sleep benefits alertness, memory and problem solving, and overall health, as well as reducing the risk of accidents.

Back 47

eight to nine

Front 48

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance declines with fewer than _____ hours of sleep.

Back 48

eight

Front 49

Short sleep has been shown to be a risk factor for weight gain, _____and ____

Back 49

hypertension and Type 2 diabetes

Front 50

Children need a relatively larger amount of sleep to function correctly (up to ____ hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as the child ages).

Back 50

18

Front 51

the body's biological "clock." This clock, called the _____ nucleus

Back 51

suprachiasmatic or SCN

Front 52

Signals from the SCN travel to several brain regions, including the pineal gland, which responds to light-induced signals by switching off production of the hormone _____.

Back 52

melatonin

Front 53

Scientists call external time cues that affect circadium rhythms zeitgebers (German for "_______").

Back 53

time givers

Front 54

To reduce the effects of jet lag, some doctors try to manipulate the biological clock with a technique called _____ therapy.

Back 54

light

They expose people to special lights, many times brighter than ordinary household light, for several hours near the time the subjects want to wake up.

Front 55

Why do blind people have lifelong jet lag?

Back 55

They live on the 25-hour internal clock

Front 56

Why does infectious diseases tend to make us feel sleepy?

Back 56

cytokines

Front 57

Sleep stages and seizures

Back 57

REM sleep seems to help prevent seizures that begin in one part of the brain from spreading to other brain regions, while deep sleep may promote the spread of these seizures

Front 58

The most common sleep disorders include:

Back 58

Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Restless Legs Syndrome
Narcolepsy

Front 59

_______, a familial disorder causing unpleasant crawling, prickling, or tingling sensations in the legs and feet and an urge to move them for relief, is emerging as one of the most common sleep disorders, especially among older people

Back 59

Restless legs syndrome (RLS),

Front 60

Many RLS patients also have a disorder known as ________, which causes repetitive jerking movements of the limbs, especially the legs

Back 60

periodic limb movement disorder or PLMD

Front 61

RLS and PLMD often can be relieved by drugs that affect the neurotransmitter ____

Back 61

dopamine

Front 62

a gene that causes narcolepsy in dogs

Back 62

hypocretin receptor 2