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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of phobia |
An extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something. For example, arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. |
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Classical conditioning |
Learning through association. |
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Why did Little Albert fear a white rabbit? |
He associated it with a loud noise that provoked fear, so he learnt to fear the white rabbit. |
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Definition of innate |
Biologically programmed behaviours. |
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Innate theory |
We fear certain animal species because they were dangerous to us in our evolutionary past so it would be beneifcal for our ancestors' survival to avoid them. |
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When do lab-reared monkeys experience fear towards snakes? |
Monkeys experienced a greater fear towards snakes (real, model, fake) that moved. |
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Animal characteristics |
Scientists believe we are biologically programmed to fear certain animal characteristics. For example how it moves or what it looks like. This is further proved by phobic patients that descirbe their phobias in terms of what it looked and felt like. |
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Aim of Bennett-Levy and Marteau's study |
Whether humans are biologically programmed to fear certain animal characteristics such as how it moved or what it looked like. |
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What was the sample in Bennett-Levy and Marteau's study and where did it take place? |
113 men and women, in a British health centre. |
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What was the research technique? |
Questionnaires. |
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How were the questionnaires distributed? |
2 questionnaires were distributed randomly. |
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How many participants were in group 1? |
34 females and 30 males (64 in total) |
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What was the mean age of participants in group 1? |
35.5 years |
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How many participants were in group 2? |
25 females and 24 males (49 in total) |
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What was the mean age of participants in group 2? |
35.1 years |
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What 2 things was questionnaire 1 designed to measure? |
1. Self reported fear
2. Avoidance of animals and insects |
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How many harmless animals were in the questionnaire? |
29 harmless animals, Including ants, baby chimpanzees, and robins |
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What scales were used in questionnaire 1? |
1. A fear scale (3-point scale)
2. A nearness scale (5-point scale) |
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What two ways were used so that participants could imagine they could get close to the animals? |
1. They were told to imagine they were injured in some way, e.g. a squirrel with a broken foot.
2. Participants were asked to rate them as harmless so that harmfulness was not a factor in the results. |
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What 4 things were participants asked to consider in questionnaire 2? |
1. Ugliness
2. Sliminess
3. Speediness
4. Sudden movements |
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What scale was used in questionnaire 2? |
A 3-point scale |
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What were the five most feared animals? |
1. Rat (2.08) 2. Jellyfish 3. Spider 4. Cockroaches 5. Grass snakes |
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Why were rats the most feared animal? |
They were percieved as being potentially harmful. |
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What did gender differences show? |
Females were less likely to pick up or approach ten of the species than males, these included, jellyfish, cockroaches, spiders and slugs. |
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What two characteristics correlated the strongest against both fear and nearness? |
1. Ugliness- Fear (0.82) and Nearness (0.87)
2. Sliminess- Fear (0.61) and Nearness (0.77) |
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Bennett-Levy and Marteau conclusions |
All humans are not biologically programmed to fear and avoid certain animal species such as snakes. Instead we are programmed to fear visual characteristics such as sliminess and ugliness. |
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What is a advantage of using a questionnaire? |
It is quick and easy to collect data. |
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What is a disadvantage of using a questionnaire? |
Socially desirable effects and lacks detailled elaboration. |
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What ethics were breached by Bennett-Levy and Marteau? |
Psychological harm- Participants had to think of something they are scared of (cause stress).
Lack of informed consent- Weren't told the aims of the study (if humans are biologically programmed to fear animals). |
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Problems with correlations |
Doesn't show why a relationship exists and it doesn't consider past experiences or extranous variables so it is harder to establish cause and effect. |
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What sample did Bennett-Levy and Marteau use? |
An opportunity sample of 113 participants at a British health centre. |
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What is an advantage of using an opportunity sample? |
It's quick and easy because people are readily available. |
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What is a disadvantage of Bennett-Levy and Marteaus opportunity sample? |
It was ethnocentric, it only considered the results of participants in one area in Britain so it is ungeneralisable to other areas. |
