Benjafield Cognition Chapter 6

Front 1

Principle of Encoding Specificity

Back 1

The way that an item is retrieved from memory depends on the way it was stored.

Front 2

Episodic Memory

Back 2

The memory system concerned with personally experienced events.

Front 3

Semantic Memory

Back 3

The memory system concerned with knowledge of concepts and their relationships.

Front 4

Recency bias

Back 4

The tendency to recall recent experiences

Front 5

Primacy bias

Back 5

Book: 'The tendency to recall experiences from the relatively distant past.'

The tendency to recall experiences that occur early in a long list

Front 6

Procedural memory

Back 6

The memory system concerned with knowing how to do things

Front 7

Tacit knowledge

Back 7

Things we know without knowing exactly what they are. The kind of knowledge used in procedural memory.

Front 8

Explicit Knowledge

Back 8

The opposite of tacit knowledge (things we know without any doubt as to their nature)

Front 9

Anoetic

Back 9

Level of consciousness corresponding to procedural memory.

Front 10

Noetic

Back 10

Level of consciousness corresponding to semantic memory.

Front 11

Autonoetic

Back 11

Level of consciousness corresponding to episodic memory.

Front 12

Prefrontal leucotomy

Back 12

A surgical procedure in which the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the other parts of the brain are severed to suppress autonoetic responses.

Front 13

Possible methods of evolution of memory

Back 13

Natural selection, exaptation, the Baldwin effect.

Front 14

Chronesthesia

Back 14

Our subjective sense of time

Front 15

Butcher-on-the-bus phenomenon

Back 15

A feeling of knowing a person without being able to remember where from

Front 16

Implicit memory

Back 16

memory without awareness

Front 17

Method of opposition

Back 17

An experimental method that makes explicit and implicit memories compete

Front 18

Perceptual representation system

Back 18

The memory system containing very specific representations of events. Hypothesized the be responsible for priming effects.

Front 19

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 19

knowing that you know something without quite being able to recall it.

Front 20

Teachable language comprehender

Back 20

A computer program that is a model of semantic memory.

Front 21

Mental chronometry

Back 21

Measuring how long cognitive processes take

Front 22

Spreading activation

Back 22

Searching a semantic network activates paths spreading from the node at which the search begins

Front 23

Involuntary semantic memory (mind popping)

Back 23

Whenever a semantic memory pops into your head without episodic context.

Front 24

Propositional network

Back 24

A network that specifies the relations between a set of concepts

Front 25

Fan effect

Back 25

The more a person knows about a particular concept, the longer it takes to recognize specific information about it

Front 26

Phonological Loop and Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

Back 26

temporary stores of linguistic and non-verbal information (respectively)

Front 27

Episodic Buffer

Back 27

The ability to move information both to and from episodic and long term memory.

Front 28

Fluid systems

Back 28

cognitive processes that manipulate information.

Front 29

Crystallized systems

Back 29

cognitive processes that accumulate long-term knowledge

Front 30

Working memory

Back 30

The temporary storage and manipulation of info that is necessary for various cognitive activities

Front 31

Central executive

Back 31

The function of the brain that co-ordinates info that may be represented in different memory subsystems

Front 32

Excitatory and inhibitory connections

Back 32

Paths in neural networks which either enhance or diminish associations b/w nodes.

Front 33

Associative deficit hypothesis

Back 33

Older adults have a deficiency in creating and retrieving links b/w single units of information.

Front 34

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 34

A form of amnesia typically due to chronic alcoholism combined with thiamine deficiency

Front 35

Disconnection syndrome

Back 35

Amnesiacs may be able to acquire new info and not be aware that learning has taken place. This suggests there are two memory systems, but they are not well connected in amnesiacs.

Front 36

Prospective memory

Back 36

The intention to remember to do something at some future time

Front 37

Method of vanishing cues

Back 37

A technique which has allowed amnesiacs to learn. The patient practices an association, and gradually cues which give hints to the answer are taken away until the patient no longer needs any of the cues.

Front 38

Errorless learning

Back 38

A method of learning where the learner is allowed only to complete a task in the correct way so that no possibility of learning incorrectly exists.