Behavioural Neuroscience Chs.6-7

Front 1

Sensory receptor

Back 1

Specialized neurons designed to deal with input from a particular stimulus

Front 2

Sensory transduction

Back 2

process by which stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials

Front 3

Receptor potential

Back 3

slow, graded electrical potential produced b receptor cell

Front 4

Hue

Back 4

Dominant wavelength of color

Front 5

Brightness

Back 5

intensity of a color

Front 6

Saturation

Back 6

purity of a color

Front 7

vergence movement

Back 7

keeps both eyes focused on the same target

Front 8

Saccadic movement

Back 8

small, jerky motions of the eye to perceive different parts of the visual scene

Front 9

Pursuit movement

Back 9

steady motion following object in visual field

Front 10

Accommodation

Back 10

process of focusing, done by cilliary muscles altering shape of lens

Front 11

Accommodation

Back 11

process of focusing, done by cilliary muscles altering shape of lens

Front 12

Retina

Back 12

interior lining of back of the eye

Front 13

Rod

Back 13

responsible for low light vision (120m)

Front 14

Cone

Back 14

responsible for acute, color vision (6m)

Front 15

Photoreceptor

Back 15

rods and cones

Front 16

Fovea

Back 16

center of retina, purely cones, highest acuity

Front 17

Optic disk

Back 17

site of connection of all visual axons connecting to optic nerve, actually produces a blind spot in vision

Front 18

Bipolar cell

Back 18

middle layer of retina, connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Front 19

Ganglion cell

Back 19

axons form optic nerve, connect to bipolar

Front 20

Horizontal cell

Back 20

connect photoreceptors and outer processes of bipolar cells

Front 21

Amacrine cell

Back 21

amacrine: ganglion::horizontal:bipolar

Front 22

Lamella

Back 22

layer of photopigments, hundreds in each photoreceptor

Front 23

Photopigment

Back 23

protein dye bonded to retinal, split apart when exposed to light (“bleached”)

Front 24

Opsin

Back 24

protein dye of photopigment

Front 25

Retinal

Back 25

lipid derived from vit. A, part of photopigment

Front 26

Rhodopsin

Back 26

photopigment of rods

Front 27

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Back 27

region of thalamus optic nerves connect to, 6 layers of neurons

Front 28

Magnocellular layer

Back 28

Inner two layers of LGN, larger cells

Front 29

Parvocellular layer

Back 29

Outer four layers of LGN, smaller cells

Front 30

Koniocellular sublayer

Back 30

Ventral to magnocellular layers

Front 31

Calcarine fissure

Back 31

“spur shaped” fissure, posterior occipital lobe, site of primary visual cortex

Front 32

Striate cortex

Back 32

PV Cortex, stains dark

Front 33

Optic chiasm

Back 33

X shaped crossing of optic nerves at base of brain

Front 34

Receptive field

Back 34

part of visual field individual neuron sees

Front 35

protanopia

Back 35

red/green color blindness, see world in yellow/blue

Front 36

Deuteranopia

Back 36

red/green color blindness, green cones are red

Front 37

Tritanopia

Back 37

No blue cones, see green and reds

Front 38

Negative afterimage

Back 38

opposite of pair seen if image stared at

Front 39

Complementary colors

Back 39

make white when paired together: red/green, yellow/blue etc.

Front 40

Simple cell

Back 40

striate cell which responds to orientation in opponent fashion

Front 41

Complex cell

Back 41

responds to orientation , does not inhibit surrounding area (as simple cell)

Front 42

Hypercomplex cell

Back 42

detect ends of lines

Front 43

Sine-wave grating

Back 43

fuzzy set of alternating lines (sine wave)

Front 44

Spatial frequency

Back 44

brightness measures in cycles per degree of visual angle

Front 45

Retinal disparity

Back 45

difference in image from each retina used to construct 3D information

Front 46

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob

Back 46

staining indicates high concentration of mitochondria, layers 2,3, somewhat 5,6 of striate. Indicates sensitivity to color

Front 47

Ocular dominance

Back 47

% of input from each eye

Front 48

Extrastriate cortex

Back 48

surrounds striate cortex, receives inputs from SC and superior colliculim, sends outputs to inferior temporal cortex

Front 49

Dorsal stream

Back 49

perceive spatial location, striate cortex -> posterior parietal cortex

Front 50

Ventral stream

Back 50

perceive form, striate cortex -> inferior temporal cortex

Front 51

Inferior temporal cortex

Back 51

end of ventral stream; objects, bodies, faces

Front 52

Posterior parietal cortex

Back 52

end of dorsal stream; movement, location

Front 53

Color constancy

Back 53

colors appear the same in different light, brain compensates for different levels

Front 54

Cerebral achromatopsia

Back 54

black and white vision

Front 55

Visual agnosia

Back 55

Can’t recognize objects

Front 56

Lateral occipital complex

Back 56

region of extrastriate cortex, recognizes objects other than people

Front 57

Prosopagnosia

Back 57

Failure to recognize people by faces

Front 58

Fusiform face area(FFA)

Back 58

part of visual association cortex for faces

Front 59

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Back 59

perception of bodies

Front 60

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Back 60

scene recognition

Front 61

Optic flow

Back 61

constant motion of objects in visual field, used to determine distance and motion

Front 62

Akinetopsia

Back 62

inability to perceive movement

Front 63

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

Back 63

end of dorsal stream, deals with hand-eye

Front 64

Ossicle

Back 64

a bone of the middle ear

Front 65

Malleus

Back 65

The hammer

Front 66

Incus

Back 66

The anvil

Front 67

Stapes

Back 67

The stirrup

Front 68

Oval Window

Back 68

Hole in bone around cochlea, impacted by stapes to transmit to cochlea

Front 69

Organ of Corti

Back 69

basilar membrane + hair cells + tectorial membrane

Front 70

Hair cell

Back 70

Auditory receptor cells

Front 71

Deiters’s cell

Back 71

anchor and support hair cells

Front 72

Basilar membrane

Back 72

membrane w/in cochlea containing o.of.c.

Front 73

Tectorial membrane

Back 73

Above basilar membrane, serves as shelf against which cilia of auditory cells move

Front 74

Round window

Back 74

allows fluid in cochlea to move (cannot be compressed)

Front 75

Cochlear nerve

Back 75

branch of auditory nerve: cochlea -> brain

Front 76

Olivocochlear bundle

Back 76

bundle of efferent axons that travel from olivary complex of medulla to auditory hair cells

Front 77

Tonotropic Representation

Back 77

Mapping of sound represented in different areas of the brain

Front 78

Core Region

Back 78

Primary auditory cortex, located on a gyrus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe

Front 79

Belt region

Back 79

First level of auditory association, surrounds primary auditory cortex

Front 80

Parabelt region

Back 80

Secondary level of auditory association surrounds belt region

Front 81

Place code

Back 81

location of neurons on cochlea stimulated produces sensation of pitch

Front 82

Rate coding

Back 82

Process by which information is detected by rate of firing of neurons (low frequencies)

Front 83

Phase Differences

Back 83

Relative position of eardrums determines azimuth (direction of sound)

Front 84

Ruffini corpuscle

Back 84

Vibration sensitive organ located in hairy skin – indentation of skin

Front 85

Pacinian corpuscle

Back 85

encapsulated nerve ending detecting vibrations

Front 86

Meissner’s corpuscle

Back 86

touch sensitive end organs of corpuscles – brief taps

Front 87

Merkel’s disk

Back 87

Adjacent to sweat ducts – indentation of skin