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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the field of psychology known as Behaviorism about?
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Think Pavlov's dogs -
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Who is Thorndike?
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Functionalist psych who is remembered for his puzzle box research with a cat on one end and food on the other. His trial & error studies made him the first Behaviorist
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What was Thorndike concerned with?
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How long it took cats to escape his puzzle boxes. From this he found that they learned through trial and error.
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What does Thorndike's Law of Effect state?
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Thorndike's theory that any act which in a given situation produces satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation reoccurs, the act is more likely than before to recur.
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Why is Pavlov important?
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Classical conditioning/Respondent conditioning
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What are Unconditioned Stimuli?
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Stimuli that produce an automatic response (ex food & salivating)
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What are Unconditioned Responses?
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responses to US (in the case of dogs and food it would be the salivation)
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What are Conditioned Stimuli?
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Stimuli NOT originally associated w/a specific behavioral response, but become associated w/an US through repeated co-occurrence to evoke the same response as the US (dog salivates at bell ringing)
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What is the Conditioned Response?
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After conditioning, the behavioral response to the CS
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What is Differentiation? What about Generalization?
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D - achieved by reinforcing generalization up to a certain point o that eventually the generalization of stimuli can be controlled
G- process by which a CR begins to appear in response to stimuli that are similar to but not exactly like the original CS |
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Why is John B Watson worth remembering?
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He was the first to formally call for psych to be exclusively a science of "behavior"
Through infant experiments he showed that everything we do now is b/c of something we learned in the past |
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Who reversed Watson's experiments with learned fear to try and de-condition an irrational fear response?
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Mary Cover Jones
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What might we credit Mary Cover Jones with?
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Inventing systematic desensitization (one of the key forms of behavior therapy)
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What is Operant Conditioning?
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Skinner's theory that we act on an environment which then creates the stimulus, which rewards the behavior.
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What did Skinner claim?
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He claimed it was impossible to work w/consciousness scientifically, and was not needed to account for the vast majority of behaviors
Operant conditioning |
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What are respondent behaviors?
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Start w/a stimulus, a la Watson & Pavlov
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What is negative reinforcement?
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After a certain bx a negative stimulus is removed. This rewards the bx and makes it more likely to be repeated
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What is negative punishment?
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After a certain bx something that was enjoyed is removed, thus making us less likely to repeat that bx
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What we think of as a reward. After a bx a positive stimulus is provided and makes bx more likely
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What is positive punishment?
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A behavior triggers something aversive (a slap), resulting in a decreased reoccurrence of that behavior
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What was one interesting finding Skinner arrived at when using variable/intermittent reinforcement?
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Though the desired behavior takes longer to establish, the conditioned responses were very hard to extinguish.
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Who is Bandura?
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He was a vocal critic of behaviorism.
Social Cognitive Theory, which introduced idea of modeling and vicarious learning |
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What is the Social Cognitive Theory and who came up with it?
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Bandura; composed of the concepts of modeling and vicarious learning and tested/showed them through the use of Bobo
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Modeling
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adopting Bx through the imitation of others; concept that Bandura developed as part of his Social Cognitive Theory
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Vicarious learning
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experiencing the emotional reinforcement conditions of observed others; concept that Bandura developed as part of his Social Cognitive Theory
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Self-efficacy
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sense of ones ability to deal adequately with life's hardships; Idea formed by Bandura
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Who is Jullian Rotter?
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Intro'd ideas of "internal locus of control" and "external locus of control" which he said were learned in childhood
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What is "internal locus of control"?
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Idea that we have control over our lives
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What is "external locus of control"?
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Idea that we have very little belief in our ability to control our lives
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What is "counter conditioning"?
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Wolpe; it pairs the conditioned stimulus for the undesired conditioned response (such as a phobic reaction), with a stimulus which prompts an incompatible response (such as a state of calm)
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Who is Joseph Wolpe?
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Behavior therapist who came up with the idea of "counter-conditioning"; copied Mary Cover Jones;
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What is Reciprocal Inhibition?
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Principle by Wolpe that certain emotional/behavioral responses are innately incompatible. Ex - anxiety incompatible with relaxation, assertiveness, and sexual arousal
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Systematic Desensitization
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Idea was created by Mary Cover Jones but wasn't used or fully understood until Wolpe
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Behavioral Rehearsal?
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developed by Behavior therapists working from classical conditioning principles; involves treatment protocols such as assertiveness training and social skills training
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