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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment... what kind of effect is that?
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Pygmalion effect
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If a group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied... what kind of effect is that?
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Hawthorne effect
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What kind of skew is it if the mean is greater than both the median and mode?
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Positive skew (will see peak of bell curve to the left of the Y axis)
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What is type I error?
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= alpha
- Stating that there is a difference when there actually is none (p= probability of making a type I error) |
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What is type II error?
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= beta
- Stating that there is not a difference when there actually is one |
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How is power defined?
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1 - β
= the likelihood of finding a difference if one actually exists |
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How do you calculate number needed to treat? and number needed to harm?
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Number needed to treat = 1/absolute risk reduction
Number needed to harm = 1/attributable risk |
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What is the standard error of the mean (SEM)?
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SEM = σ/√n
σ = standard deviation n = sample size |
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How do you calculate the 95%, 99%, and 99.7% confidence intervals?
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CI = mean +/- (Z x standard error of the mean)
For a 95% CI: Z = 2 (more specifically, 1.96) For a 99% CI: Z = 2.5 For a 99.7% CI: Z = 3 |
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What test would you use to test the difference between the means of 2 groups?
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t-test
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What test would you use to check the difference between the means of 3 or more groups?
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ANOVA (= ANalysis Of VAriance)
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What test would you use to check the difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes?
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χ^2 (chi square test; compares percentages or proportions)
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What infectious diseases are reportable?
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Hep, Hep, Hep, Hooray, the SSSMMART Chick is Gone! =
Hep A, Hep B, Hep C HIV Salmonella, Shigella, Syphilis Measles, Mumps AIDS Rubella TB Chickenpox Gonorrhea |
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What are the components of the APGAR score, and when is it calculated?
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10-point scale done at 1 min and 5 min
Appearance (blue, trunk pink, all pink) Pulse (none, <100, >100) Grimace (none, grimace, grimace + cough) Activity (limp, some, active) Respiration (none, irregular, regular) |
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What is premature birth defined as?
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<34 weeks gestation or birth weight <2500 g
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What is the Moro reflex and when can it be observed?
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= startle reaction, embrace reflex
- Peaks in 1st month of life, should disappear by 3 months |
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Age 2- how much should the kid be speaking?
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200 words and 2-word sentences
Should also be able to stack 6 blocks (3 blocks at age 1) |
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Age 3- how much should the kid be speaking?
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900 words and complete sentences
Should also be able to ride a tricycle and copy a line or circle drawing Appropriate age for toilet training |
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How long does normal bereavement usually last?
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6 mos - 1 year
Can include illusions Pathologic grief includes excessively intense or prolonged grief or grief that is delayed, inhibited, or denied |
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What are the Kubler-Ross grief stages?
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Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Grieving (depression), Acceptance
(Death Arrives Bringing Grave Adjustments) |
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What BMI defines obesity? Morbid obesity?
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Obesity- >30
Morbid obesity- >40 |
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In what sleep stage is most time spent, in a young adult?
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Stage 2 (45%)- deeper sleep, bruxism (teeth grinding)
- Stage 1 (5%), Stages 3-4 (25%), and REM sleep (25%) |
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What EEG waveforms do you see when awake and in stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM sleep?
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"BATS Drink Blood":
Beta when awake, eyes open Alpha when awake, eyes closed Theta in stage 1 sleep Sleep spindles and K complexes in stage 2 Delta (low freq, high amplitude) in stage 3-4 Beta in REM sleep |
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What neurotransmitters are important in sleep?
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5-HT in raphe nucleus --> initiation of sleep
Ach --> REM sleep (reduced by NE) |
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What brainstem area mediates extraocular movements in REM sleep?
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Paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center
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What drug might you use to treat pt who has night terrors and sleepwalking?
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Benzodiazepines (shorten stage 4 sleep)
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During what sleep stage do sleep-walking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur?
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Stage 4 (slow-wave sleep, deepest sleep phase)
- Don't see these things in REM sleep b/c there's total paralysis |
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What drug might you use to treat pt who has enuresis?
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Imipramine (decreases stage 4 sleep)
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What neurotransmitters promote wakefulness?
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Norepinephrine (reduces total sleep time and REM sleep; why anxious ppl have trouble sleeping)
Dopamine (why pts w/ mania and psychosis have trouble sleeping) |
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Loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus... what is it, and how would you treat it?
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Cataplexy
- Treat with stimulants (amphetamines, modafinil) |
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When should a baby be able to hold a sitting position unassisted?
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6 months
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When should a baby be able to roll over?
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5 months
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When should a baby first show stranger anxiety?
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7-11 months
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At what time point post-partum should "baby blues" be considered major depression?
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>2 weeks post-partum
- Depression usually begins w/in 4 weeks after delivery |
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What is pseudodementia?
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Depression in elderly person that can mimic Alzheimer's/dementia
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A man who was physically abused as a child abuses his own children... what defense mechanism is he using?
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Identification: unconsciously patterning one's behavior after that of someone who is more powerful
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A man who has sexual feelings for his brother's wife begins to believe that his own wife is cheating on him... what defense mechanism is he using?
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Projection: attributing one's personally unacceptable feelings to others
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A patient who has unacknowledged anger toward her physician because he was late for her last appointment compliments him effusively on the decor in his office... what defense mechanism is she using?
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Reaction formation: unacceptable feelings are denied, and opposite attitudes and behavior are adopted; unconscious hypocrisy
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A man who is angry at his boss plays a hard game of racquetball... what defense mechanism is he using?
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Sublimation: an unconscious, unacceptable impulse is rerouted in a socially acceptable way
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A woman who is terminally ill with lung cancer caused by smoking stops smoking and starts a healthful diet and exercise program... what defense mechanism is she using?
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Undoing: believing that one can magically reverse negative past events caused by "incorrect" behavior by now adopting "correct" behavior
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What is negative reinforcement?
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Removal of an aversive stimulus increases the rate of behavior
ex) Child increases her studying behavior to avoid being scolded |
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What things decrease REM and stage 3-4 sleep?
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Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
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What anti-hypertensive is least likely to cause sexual dysfunction?
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ACE inhibitors
- Drugs that cause sexual dysfunction: other antihypertensives, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistaminic (diphenhydramine), anticholinergics (atropine) |
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What drugs are associated with aggression in intoxicated pts?
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Alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, PCP, high dose marijuana
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What is countertransference?
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The reaction of physicians toward their pts (transference is the reaction of pts toward their physicians; positive or negative)
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Presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states, associated with a history of sexual abuse... what is it?
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Dissociative identity disorder (more common in women)
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Persistent feelings of detachment or estrangement from oneself... what is it?
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Depersonalization disorder
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Abrupt change in geographic location with inability to recall past, confusion about personal identity, or assumption of a new identity... what is it?
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Dissociative fugue
- Associated with traumatic circumstances (war, trauma, etc) - Not the result of substance abuse or a general medical condition |
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What happens to the sleep patterns of depressed patients?
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- Decreased slow-wave sleep
- Decreased REM latency - Increased REM sleep - Repeated nighttime awakenings - Early morning awakening |
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Emotional symptoms (anxiety, depression) causing impairment following an identifiable psychosocial stressor (divorce, illness) and lasting <6 mos... what is it?
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Adjustment disorder (can be >6 mos in presence of chronic stressor)
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