Behavioral Science: Block 5 Exam (Part 2)

Front 1

When is gender identity typically established by?

Back 1

2-3 years of age; before children appreciate diff in genitalia

Front 2

define gender role standard

Back 2

societal standards on how a gender is supposed to behave (male vs. female); a way to categorize and respond to members of each sex (ie. play/work preferences); gender roles enforced by peers

Front 3

instrumental vs. expressive roles

Back 3

instrumental - role for boys to adopt in the sense that they are providers of the family and protect it from harm

expressive role - role for girls to assume -> being kind, cooperative, sensitive and nurturing

Front 4

__________ is the process by which children acquire gender identity, motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate in their culture for members of their biological sex.

Back 4

gender typing

Front 5

__________ refers to the fact that as early as 2 yrs, girls prefer to play with other girls and vice versa for the boys.

Back 5

gender segregation

Front 6

Is there evidence for biological influence on gender differences? Explain.

Back 6

Genetic influences may contribute to some sex differences in personality, cognitive abilities, and social behaviors.
Hormones and congenital defects can have great effects.
However, it appears that at least half of the variability in people’s masculine and feminine self-concepts is attributable to environmental influences.

Front 7

define social labeling

Back 7

Parents and other people label and begin to react to the child based on his or her genitals.

Front 8

direct tuition vs. observational learning

Back 8

children acquire gender identities and gender-role preferences in 2 ways:

DT - children rewarded/punished for behaviors

OL - watching other children adopt attitudes and behaviors

Front 9

_____________ are organized sets of beliefs/expectations about males and females (ie. playing with dolls is "for girls")

Back 9

gender schemas

Front 10

define androgyny

Back 10

an individual who incorporates both masculine and feminine attributes into his/her personality (guy who also cooks/cleans); research shows these ppl are well adjusted/popular and have higher self esteem

Front 11

What are Erik Erikson's 8 life crises/conflicts?

Back 11

birth to 1 yr (basic trust vs. mistrust)
1-3 (autonomy vs. shame/doubt)
3-6 (initiative vs. guilt)
6-12 (industry vs. inferiority)
12-20 (identity vs role confusion)
20-40 (intimacy vs. isolation)
40-65 (generativity vs. stagnation)
old age (ego integrity vs. despair)

Front 12

erikson life stage where one must establish basic social/occupational identies or remain confused about their adult roles

Back 12

12-20

Front 13

erikson life stage where one must sense inititative and yet learn not to impinge on the rights/priveleges/goals of others

Back 13

3-6

Front 14

what are the key tasks of 1-3 year olds?

Back 14

children must learn self-care and independence

Front 15

what are the key tasks of 0-1 year olds?

Back 15

infants must learn to trust others

Front 16

erikson life stage where one must form friendships and sense of love/companionship with another

Back 16

20-40

Front 17

erikson life stage where one must master important social/academic skills, while comparing himself with peers

Back 17

6-12

Front 18

what is the key task of old age?

Back 18

to look back on life as meaningful or a disappointment full of unrealized promises or unrealized goals

Front 19

erikson life stage where one must be productive in work and raising families

Back 19

20-40

Front 20

talk about the 3 developmental groups in Offer and Offer's study of adolescents

Back 20

1. continuous growth group - experienced major separation, death/illness less frequently; less stressors in life, more encouraging parents, had good capacity for good relationships
2. surgent growth group - not action oriented, given to frequent depressive/anxious moments; successful but less introspective
3. tumultuous growth group - had more self-doubt and conflict witih their families, came from less stable backgrounds

Front 21

define "identity diffusion"

Back 21

these persons haven't thought much about their future life direction and/or resolved identity issues

ie. " i really haven't thought much about what to do after college. i guess i've been thinking about other things."

Front 22

define "foreclosure"

Back 22

this person is committed to identity but has made this commitment without experiencing the crisis or thoughtfulness of deciding what really suits them best.

ie. "i'll be a doctor bc my parents were doctors...that sounds good. they want me to anyways..."

Front 23

define "moratorium"

Back 23

these persons are experiencing an identity crisis and are actively asking questions about life commitments and seeking answers

ie. "i've been thinking alot about my future. i kinda want to be a doctor, but the thing is i'm really not into science. i LOVE the ministry and i just want more involvement in theological discourses and studying the nuances of greek and hebrew as it relates to the Bible... but i don't know..."

Front 24

define "identity achievement"

Back 24

these persons have solved identity issues by making personal commitments to particular goals, beliefs, and values

ie. "i've researched two summers, so i know i really dont' want to do research. i've worked with kids in sunday school and i've seen them in the pediatricians office. i really think i want to work with them in both and people say i can! it's been a long ride, but i can see myself being a children's doc and teaching children's Sunday school for the rest of my life!"

Front 25

The vast majority of 12-18 year olds are in which stage(s) of identity formation?

Back 25

identity diffusion or foreclosure

Front 26

when do ppl usually reach moratorium status or identity achievement?

Back 26

21+ (around junior/senior year of college)

Front 27

How may ppl embrace a "negative identity?"

Back 27

if they fail to establish an identity and go through each step of identity formation, developing a deviant self image

Front 28

When does brain maturation complete?

Back 28

25

Front 29

Differences bw Asian vs. US mothers on their views of children's academic abilities

Back 29

US- children aren't born with any academic abilities

asian - any child can succeed with hard work

Front 30

By 2030, what % of children under 5 will be born to European families?

Back 30

less than 50%

Front 31

in the yr 2000, immigration was the source of what % of population growth?

Back 31

41%

Front 32

what % of the nation's children have at least one foreign-born parent?

Back 32

20%

Front 33

cultural group that allows kids to use sleep aid more often

Back 33

caucasian

Front 34

prevalance of bedsharing in AA families was how many more times than bedsharing in white families?

Back 34

5x higher

Front 35

diff bw american and chinese pre-schools

Back 35

American preschools encourage self-expression and individuality.

Chinese preschools encourage discipline, self-control, obedience and cooperation.

Front 36

cross-cultural studies have shown which facial expression to be the most universal?

Back 36

happiness

Front 37

__________proves to be the strongest predictor of infant temperament.

Back 37

cultural affiliation

Front 38

What are the developmental stages of a family?

Back 38

1. coupling/family formation - couples court & marry
2. first conception, birth and nurturance - young couple recieve new identity as parents
3. toddlerhood and individuation - child develops language, mastery over motility/sphincters, gender identity; parents adjust to child's alternate clinging/autonomous behavior
4. preschooler- parents adjust to child's demands and little energy left for marriage
5. school age child - child's body/mind released from parental control
6. adolescence and generational redefinition - parents/childrens experience physiologic/mental changes at the same time; both generations may question their values/choices

Front 39

Name the 2 most important aspects of parenting

Back 39

1. parental acceptance/responsiveness: amt of support/affection that a parent displays
2. parental demandingness/control: amt of regulation/supervision that parents give their children

Front 40

what are the 4 patterns of parenting?

Back 40

- authoritarian
- authoritative
- permissive
- uninvolved

Front 41

which type of parenting style leads to children that are high in aggression and asocial behaviors?

Back 41

uninvolved

Front 42

which type of parenting style leads to moody, seemingly unhappy, easily annoyed and unfriendly kids?

Back 42

authoritarian (bc parents were legalistic and weren't sensitive to kids viewpoints)

Front 43

parents with flexible style but still have limits is characteristic of which type of parenting style?

Back 43

authoritative

Front 44

this type of parenting style is lax and accepting, allowing children to do really what they want and rarely exerts control over their behavior

Back 44

permissive (adolescents are more likely to do poorly in school conduct and drug/alcohol use)

Front 45

what is the best parenting style and why?

Back 45

authoritative - children need love and limits to help structure/evaluate their own conduct

Front 46

T or f. there is a link between TV violence and child aggressive behaviors

Back 46

T.

Front 47

what are the 5 sociometric peer classification types?

Back 47

1) popular children - liked by many, disliked by few
2) rejected " - disliked by many, liked by few
3) neglected " - seem almost invisible to peers
4) controversial " - liked by many, disliked by many
5) average - status children - liked/disliked by a moderate number

Front 48

which classification type of children feel the MOST lonely?

Back 48

rejected

Front 49

how are neglected children most likely to attain favorable status again?

Back 49

by entering a new class/school

Front 50

What are some contributors to a child's popularity?

Back 50

-parenting style
-temperamental characteristics
- facial attractiveness
- behavioral conduct

Front 51

before age 8 what is the basis for friendship?

Back 51

common activity

Front 52

8-10 yr olds begin to see friends as individuals who are _________.

Back 52

psychologically similar

Front 53

adolescents focus on what aspect of friendship?

Back 53

reciprocal emotional commitments

Front 54

define neural network

Back 54

relates to independent, individual networks and interactions bw networks

Front 55

define brain development mechanisms

Back 55

migration, arborization, synaptogenesis, pruning, myelination - all ways that the brain develops

Front 56

what are some themes from development?

Back 56

- building-pruning-myelination
- early experiences affect permanent wiring
- systems come online at diff times
- some systems will fail to develop if not stim before certain age
- activity in one system may affect dev in another

Front 57

what are the 2 diff types of memory

Back 57

explicit (declarative) =based on hippocampus (sensory, perceptual systems, etc)

implicit (procedural) = based on non-hippocampus types of learning (ie. learning procedures for riding a bike, learning steps for a activity)

Front 58

hippocampal vs non-hippocampal learning

Back 58

hippocampal learning: rapid acquisition/extinction, motivated by exploration/novelty, flexible, gives context (problem with hippocampus shows up in students who can learn new facts, but can't apply them to new situations); hippocampus part vulnerable to stress or hypoxia

non-hippocampal:incremental, slow acquisition/extinction, focus on categories not concepts, rigid, non-flexible

Front 59

what is the foremost biological sign of aging in women

Back 59

menopause (usually does NOT create psychological problems in women)

Front 60

crystallized vs fluid intelligence

Back 60

crystallized int= one's accumulated knowledge reflected in vocab and analogy tests - inc up to old age

fluid int= one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, solving logic problems; decreases as you age

Front 61

which erikson stage of adulthood do you learn to love, tolerate/foster intimacy, and tolerate differences w/o a sense of losing one's own values

Back 61

intimacy vs isolation (20-40 years)

Front 62

which erikson stage of adulthood does one develop wisdom, takes resp for own life and tolerates proximity of death?

Back 62

integrity vs despair (60-death)

Front 63

which erikson stage of adulthood has concern for est and guiding the next generation and cares enough to join organizations?

Back 63

generativity vs stagnation (40-60 yrs)

Front 64

in the eclectic view of adulthood stages, name some tasks of early adulthood (20-40 yr old)

Back 64

separating psychologically from parents
accepting responsibility for one's own person
integrating sexual experience (heterosexual/homosexual)
developing capacty for intimacy with partner
having children/relating to children
est adult relationship with parents
choosing career
adopting ethical/spiritual values

Front 65

define some tasks of middle adulthood (40-60 yrs old) in the eclectic view of adulthood

Back 65

adjusting to changes in body/sexuality
adapting to vulnerability to illness
Accepting limitations of personal time
Adjusting to morbidity and mortality of parents and contemporaries
Facing the realities of death
Deepening relationships with adult offspring and grandchildren

Maintaining old friendships and creating new ones
Developing resonance with people of all ages
Refining work identity
Mentoring to transmit skills and values to the young
Allocating financial resources
Accepting social responsibility and change

Front 66

tasks of late adulthood in the eclectic view of adulthood (60+)

Back 66

Maintaining physical health and adapting to infirmities or disabilities
Developing ways to use remaining time in gratifying ways
Adapting to loss of partner and friends
Maintaining old or forming new social contacts and support system
Accepting different roles with children and grandchildren
Using financial resources wisely, for self and others

Front 67

most psychologists view what two things as adulthood's 2 primary commitments?

Back 67

love and work

Front 68

what are risk factors for depression in the elderly?

Back 68

female, unmarried, widowed, life stress, lack of social network, physical illness

Front 69

what sub population of elderly are at highest risk for suicide?

Back 69

elderly white males (greater than 3/4 visited a primary care physician one month before)