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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of study is Observational and retrospective?
What does it measure? |
Case-control study
Compares a grp of people with disease to a grp without Odds ratio |
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What type of study is Observational and prospective?
What does it measure? |
Cohort Study
Assesses how a risk factor will influence the risk of developing the disease Relative risk (RR) |
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What type of study measures disease prevalence?
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Cross-sectional study
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What type of study collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease at a particular point in time
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Cross-sectional study
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What study measures heritability by comparing twins?
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Twin concordance Study
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What type of study measures heritability and influence of environmental factors?
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Adoption study
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What type of study asks, "What happened?"
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Case-control study
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What type of study asks, "What will happen?"
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Cohort Study
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What type of study asks, "What is happening?"
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Cross-sectional study
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What type of study measures Relative Risk?
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Cohort Study
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What type of study measures Odds Ratio?
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Case-control study
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What characteristics (3) of a Clinical trial will make it the highest-quality?
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Randomized
Controlled Double-blinded |
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What phase of a clinical trial:
assesses safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics |
Phase I
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What phase of a clinical trial:
assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, and adverse effects |
Phase II
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What phase of a clinical trial:
compares the new treatment to the current standard of care |
Phase III
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What phase of a clinical trial:
Involves small number of patients, usually healthy volunteers |
Phase I
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What phase of a clinical trial:
Involves small number of patients with disease of interest |
Phase II
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What phase of a clinical trial:
Involves large number of patients randomly assisgned to groups |
Phase III
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What is the purpose of a Clinical Trial?
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To compare therapeutic benefits of 2 or more treatments, or of treatment and placebo.
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What pools data from several studies to come to an overall conclusion?
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A Meta-analysis
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What limits a meta-analysis?
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The quality of the individual studies or bias in study selection
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Which (prevalence or incidence) is:
Total cases in population at a given time/total population at risk |
Prevalence
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Which (prevalence or incidence) is:
New cases in population over a given time period/total population at risk during that time |
Incidence
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How does prevalence relate to incidence?
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Prevalence = incidence x disease duration
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Which is greater, prevalence or incidence, in CHRONIC DISEASE?
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Prevalence > Incidence
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Which is greater, prevalence or incidence, in ACUTE DISEASE?
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Prevalence = Incidence
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Proportion of all people WITH DISEASE who test positive |
Sensitivity
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Proportion of all people WITHOUT DISEASE who test negative |
Specificity
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Ruling out |
Sensitivity
SNOUT = SeNsitivity rules OUT |
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Ruling in |
Specificity
SPIN = SPecificity rules IN |
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Used for screening in diseases with low prevalence |
Sensitivity
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Sensitivity or Specificity?
Used as a confirmatory test after a positive screening test |
Specificity
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What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
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Proportion of positive test results that are true positive
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What is Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?
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Proportion of negative test results that are true negative
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Precision or Accuracy?
The consistency and reproducibility of a test (reliability) |
Precision
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Precision or Accuracy?
The absence of random variation in a test |
Precision
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Precision or Accuracy?
The trueness of test measurements (validity) |
Accuracy
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What is the term to describe "reduced precision in a test"
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Random Error
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What is the term to describe "reduced accuracy in a test"
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Systematic Error
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What is the term to describe when 1 outcome is systematically favored over another
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Bias
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What are the 4 ways to REDUCE bias
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1. Blind studies (double blind is better)
2. Placebo responses 3. Crossover studies (each subject acts as own control) 4. Randomization |
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What are the 5 different types of bias?
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Selection bias
Recall bias Sampling bias Late-look bias Procedure bias |
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What is Selection bias?
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Nonrandom assignment to study group
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What is Recall bias?
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Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects
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What is Sampling bias?
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Subjects are not representative relative to general population; therefore, results are not generalizable
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What is Late-look bias?
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Information gathered at an inappropriate time
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What is Procedure bias?
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Subjects in different groups are not treated the same
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What is the normal bell-shaped statistical distribution called?
How do mean and median relate in this? |
Gaussian
Mean = Median |
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What does it mean when statistical distribution is positively skewed?
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Asymmetry with tail on right
mean>median>mode |
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What does it mean when a statistical distribution when it is negatively skewed?
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Asymmetry with tail on left
mean < meadian < mode |
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What are the 4 Core Ethical Principles?
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Autonomy
Beneficence Nonmaleficence Justice |
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What does Autonomy mean?
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Respect the patients as INDIVIDUALS
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What does Beneficence mean?
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Acting in the patient's best interest
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What does Nonmaleficence mean?
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"Do no harm."
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What are the 3 legal requirements of informed consent?
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1. Discussion of pertinent information
2. Patient's agreement to the plan of care 3. Freedom from coercion |
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What are the 4 exceptions to informed consent?
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1. Patient lacks decision-making capacity
2. In an emergency 3. Therapeutic privilege 4. Waiver |
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What is an oral advance directive?
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Prior oral statements of an incapacitated patient - used as a guide.
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What is a durable power of attorney?
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Patient designates a surrogate to make medical decisions in the event that he/she loses decision-making capacity
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What are the stages of grief in the Kubler-Ross grief stages?
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Denial
Anger Bargaining Grieving Acceptance |
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What a Low Birth Weight?
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Defined as <2500 grams
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What are 3 differential diagnosis for sexual dysfunction?
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Drugs (Anti-HTN, neuroleptics, SSRIs, ethanol)
Diseases (depression, diabetes) Psychological |
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What is the formula for BMI?
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Weight (KG) / (Height (m)) squared
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What BMI is considered to be underweight?
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<18.5
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What BMI is considered to be overweight?
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25 - 29.9
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What BMI is considered to be obese?
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< 30
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What BMI is considered to be normal?
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18.5 - 24.9
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How many sleep stages are there?
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5, including REM
Stage1, Stage 2, Stage 3-4, REM |
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What is the difference in the EEG waveform between awake-eyes open OR awake-eyes closed?
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Awake - eyes open = BETA
Awake - eyes close = ALPHA |
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What EEG waveforms do you get in light sleep?
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Theta
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What EEG waveforms do you get in Deepest, non-REM sleep?
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Delta - lowest frequency, highest amplitude
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At what stage will a person be found to sleepwalk, have night terrors and wet the bed?
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Stage 3-4 = Deepest, non-REM sleep
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What medication can you use for someone who is having night terrors and sleepwalking?
What Stage does it work at and how? |
Benzodiazepines
Shortens stage 4 sleep |
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What drug can you use to help someone treat enuresis?
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Imipramine
Shortens stage 4 sleep |
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What stage of sleep do you spend the most time in?
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Stage 2 - 45%
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What 2 EEG waveforms are the same?
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Awake - eyes open and REM
See Beta waveforms |
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What NT and brain area are invovled in INITIATING SLEEP?
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Serotonin
Raphe Nucleus |
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What NT is invovled in REM sleep?
What NT reduces REM sleep? |
ACh
NE |
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REM stands for _______ ______ _______.
What part of the brain in responsible for this? |
Rapid Eye Movements
PPRF - paramedian pontine reticular formation (conjugate gaze center) |
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How often does REM sleep occur?
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Every 90 minutes and increases in duration throughout the night?
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What is Narcolepsy?
When does REM occur in narcolepsy? |
Disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycles.
Sleep episodes START off with REM |
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What is Cataplexy?
What do you treat it with? |
Loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus
Amphetamines |
