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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compares a group of people with a disease to a group without. Asks "what happened?"
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Case-control
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What type of study would utilize an odds ratio?
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Case-control
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Compares a group of people with a risk factor to a group of people without. Asks "what will happen?"
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Cohort study
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What type of study would utilize a relative risk?
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Cohort study
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What type of study determines disease prevalence?
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Cross-sectional study
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Who participates in a phase I clinical trial?
What is assessed? |
Few, healthy volunteers
Safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics |
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Who participates in a phase II clinical trial?
What is assessed? |
Few, pts with disease of interest
Treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects |
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Who participates in a phase III clinical trial?
What is assessed? |
Many pts, randomly assigned to new treatment or best current treatment/ placebo
Efficacy of treatment compared to standard of care; should be double-blind |
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What is the Pygmalion effect?
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When a researcher's beliefs about treatment change its outcome.
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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When a group of people being studied change their behavior because they know they are being studied
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What is late-look bias?
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When a survey, etc is conducted at an inappropriate time (people are already affected/dead and can't participate)
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What is lead-time bias?
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When early detection appears to increase survival but natural history of disease is not altered
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What is the formula for SEM?
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standard deviation/square root of n
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What does a t-test assess?
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Difference between the means of 2 groups
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What does an ANOVA test assess?
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Difference between the means of 3 or more groups
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What does a chi squared test assess?
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Compares percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes between 2 or more groups
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What is referred to by:
- primary - secondary - tertiary preventions? |
- primary = prevention of disease
- secondary = early detection - tertiary = reduce disability |
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts with diabetes?
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Eye and foot exams
Urine tests |
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts who use drugs?
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Hepatitis immunization
HIV and TB tests |
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts with alcoholism?
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Influenza and pneumococcal immunizations
TB test |
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts who are overweight?
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blood sugar test
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts who are homeless, recent immigrants, or incarcerated?
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TB test
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What prevention measures should be taken for pts with high-risk sexual behavior?
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HIV, hep B, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia tests
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What diseases are reportable in ALL states?
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Hep A, Hep B, Hep C
(HIV) Salmonella Shigella Syphilis Measles Mumps AIDS Rubella TB Chickenpox Gonorrhea |
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What are the leading causes of death in infants?
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congenital abnormalities
prematurity/low birth weight SIDS maternal complications of pregnancy neonatal RDS |
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What are the leading causes of death in children?
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injury
cancer congenital abnormalities homicide heart disease |
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What are the leading causes of death in teenagers?
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injury
homicide suicide cancer heart disease |
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What are the leading causes of death in adults (24-64)?
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cancer
heart disease injury suicide stroke |
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What are the leading causes of death in senior citizens (64+)?
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heart disease
cancer stroke COPD pneumonia influenza |
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What is capitation pay for physicians?
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Fixed fee for given time, regardless of the number of services
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What is covered by
Medicare Part A? Medicare Part B? |
Part A - hospital services
Part B - doctor visits |
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What are the exceptions to informed consent?
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- Pt lacks decision making capacity
- Emergency (implied consent) - Therapeutic privilege (withholding info that would harm/ undermine decision making ability) - Waiver from pt |
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What are the exceptions to patient confidentiality?
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- Potential for serious harm to others
- Potential for harm to self - No alternative means exists to warn/ protect those at risk - Infectious diseases - Potential victims (Tarasoff) - child/elder abuse - impaired automobile drivers - suicidal/ homicidal patients |
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What is required for a civil suit under negligence?
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Duty to the patient
Dereliction: duty was breached Damage to pt Direct (breach --> damage) |
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What factor most commonly leads to litigation?
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Poor communication
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What does "APGAR" stand for?
What would be normal (2 pts) in each category? |
Appearance - all pink
Pulse - >100 Grimace - grimace + cough Activity - active Respirations - regular |
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What is the cutoff for low birth weight?
What causes low birth weight? |
<2500 g
prematurity or IUGR |
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What are some of the complications of low birth weight?
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- physical and emotional problems
- infection - respiratory distress syndrome - necrotizing enterocolitis - intraventricular hemorrhage - persistent fetal circulation |
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What milestones are reach before 3 months?
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rooting reflex
orients to voice |
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What milestones are reach at 3 months?
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Monro reflex disappears
holds head up social smile |
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What milestones are reached between 7-9 months?
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sits alone
crawls stranger anxiety |
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What milestones are reached by 15 months?
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walking
Babinski disappears few words separation anxiety |
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What milestones are reached between 12-24 months?
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climbs stairs
3 blocks by 1 year 6 blocks by 2 years object permanence 200 words by 2 years 2 word sentences by 2 years |
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What milestones are reached between 24-36 months?
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core gender identity
parallel play |
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What milestones are reached between 30-36 months?
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9 blocks
toilet training |
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What milestones are reached by 3 years?
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tricycle
copies line or circle drawin 900 words complete sentences |
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What milestones are reached by 4 years?
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simple drawings
hops on 1 foot cooperative play imaginary friends grooming/ brushes teeth buttons and zips |
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Egocentric exploration of the world with 5 senses
Novel use of objects to obtain a goal Understanding of object permanence |
Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
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Acquisition of motor skills
Magical thinking No "logical" thinking |
Preoperational stage (2-7)
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Start of logical thinking confined to concrete concepts
No longer egocentric |
Concrete operational stage (7-12)
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Development of abstract reasoning
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Formal operational stage (12+)
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What is the order of pubic hair, breast, and penis development in Tanner's stages?
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Pubic hair appears (adrenarche), darkens/curly
Penis size/length increase, width increases/ darker scrotal skin/ development of glans Breasts enlarge, raised areolae, areolae no longer raised |
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What changes in sleep patterns are observed in the elderly?
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Decreased REM
Decreased slow-wave (delta) Increased sleep latency Increased awakenings |
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What are the Kubler-Ross stages of grief?
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Denial
Anger Bargaining Grieving/depression Acceptance |
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What categories of drugs may contribute to sexual dysfunction?
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Antihypertensives
Neuroleptics SSRIs EtOH |
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Formula for BMI?
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Weight (kg)/Height (m squared)
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What EEG waveforms correspond to the following?
- awake, alert - awake, eyes closed - Stage 1, light sleep - Stage 2, deeper sleep - Stage 3-4, deepest sleep - REM, dreaming |
- beta (high frequency, low amp)
- alpha - theta - sleep spindles and K complexes - delta (low frequency, high amp) - beta |
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During what stage of sleep does bruxism occur?
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- Stage 2 (theta waves)
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During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking occur?
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- Stage 3-4 (delta waves)
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During what stage of sleep do night terrors occur?
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- Stage 3-4 (delta waves)
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During what stage of sleep does bedwetting occur?
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Stage 3-4 (delta waves)
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During what stage of sleep does loss of motor tone occur?
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REM (beta waves)
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During what stage of sleep are memories processed/made?
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REM (beta waves)
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During what stage of sleep do erections occur?
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REM (beta waves)
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During what stage of sleep is brain O2 use the highest?
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REM (beta waves)
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What neurotransmitter induces REM sleep?
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acetylcholine
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What neurotransmitter initiates sleep?
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serotonin from Raphe nucleus
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What neurotransmitter reduces REM sleep?
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Norepinephrine
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What brain area is responsible for extraocular eye movements during REM?
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PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/ conjugate gaze center)
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What pharmacologic agents should be used for night terrors and sleepwalking?
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Benzodiazepines (shorten stage 4 sleep)
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What pharmacological agent should be used to treat enuresis?
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Imipramine (decreases stage 4)
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How often does REM sleep occur?
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Every 90 minutes
Duration increases during the night |
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hallucinations just before sleep
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hypnaGogic
GOING to sleep |
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hallucinations just before awakening
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hypnopompic
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What regulates circadian rhythm?
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suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus (SCN)
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What compounds are regulated by the SCN to establish circadian rhythm?
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ACTH
prolactin melatonin nocturnal NE --> pineal gland --> melatonin |
