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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does a cohort study look at?
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The influence of a risk on an outcome. What will happen. Get 2 cohorts (1 of them with a risk factor) and see what happens over time.
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What do you use to report the findings of a cohort study (statistically)?
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Relative risk
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What do you use to report the findings of a case-study?
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odds ratio (you have created groups that are not random)
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What does a case-study do?
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Shows what has happened. You get 2 groups of people (1 with the outcome) and look back in time to see what risks they had.
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What does a cross-sectional study do?
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Looks at disease prevalance at a certain point in time. Can also see links with what is currently going on.
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What are the differences in phases I-III in clinical trials?
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I- assess safety, toxicity, and pharmokinetics.
II- assess treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects. III- Compared treatment to current standard. |
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What does Meta-analysis do?
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It pools data from multiple studies . This gives the highest statistical power. It can still be limited by the biases and qualities of the individual studies.
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When calculating incidence of a disease, who are not eligible to e included in the popular?
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Those already positive, or positive in the past for the disease. You can't consider than at risk for it, which is the denominator of incidence.
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How can you calculate the Number needed to treat (NNT)?
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1/absolute risk reduction.
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How can you calculate the number needed to harm?
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1/attributable risk.
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Will random error affect precision or accuracy?
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Precision. Accuracy is ruined by a systematic error.
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When speaking of skew in terms of a statistical distribution, what is a positive skew?
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A positive skew occurs when the mean is greater than median (which is itself greater than the mode). It looks like the hump is going so fast forward that it is leaning backwards (toward 0)
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What bias is present when a group being studies changes its behavior because it knows what is being studied?
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Hawthorne effect
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If a disproportionate number of people drop out of one arm of a study and they aren't included in analysis, what kind of bias do you have?
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Selection bias
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What is sampling bias?
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When the subjects are not representative to the general population. This makes the results non-generalizeable.
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What is a type 1 error (alpha)?
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Falsely accepting the alternative hypothesis. (convicting an innocent man)
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What is a type 2 error (beta)?
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Failure to reject the null hypothesis. (Setting a guilty man free).
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What is power?
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The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false. power=1- beta
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When do you use a chi squared analysis?
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when you want to look at the differences between categorical outcomes.
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When do you use a T-test or an ANOVA?
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They are both for the difference between the means, but ANOVA is for 3 or more groups while a t-test is only for 2 groups.
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In disease prevention, what is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention?
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primary- preventing the disease from occurring (ie a vaccine)
Secondary- early detection of the disease (pap smear) Tertiary- reduce the disability from the disease (chemo) |
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Medicare vs Medicaide?
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medicarE is for the elderly. medicaDe is for the destitute.
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Is AIDS reporting mandatory in all states?
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Yes, but HIV varies from state to state.
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What legal mechanism does a patient have to ensure that they receive specific treatment in the event they become incapacitated?
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A living will. Durable power of attorneys can as well, but the surrogate would be acting in the interest of the patient.
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What components go into an APGAR score?
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A- appearance (blue, trunk pink, pink)
P- pulse (none, <100, >100) G-grimace (none, grimace, grimace + cough) A- activity (limp, some, active) R- respiration (none, irregular, regular) |
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How long does normal grief last?
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6 months to a year.
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What is pathological grief?
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Grief that is excessivley intense or prolonged, delayed, inhibited, or denied.
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What center of the brain controlss the circadian rhythm?
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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Why is sleeping for short periods, many times throughout the day not as good as sleeping for 8 hours straight?
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REM sleep cycles (every 90 minutes) and increases in duration through the night.
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What is the pathway that the SCN regulates in sleep cycle?
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SCN-> NE -> pineal gland -> melatonin. The SCN is regulated by environmental factors (light).
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Which sleep stage do you spend the majority of time in? What would you see her in EEG?
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sleep spindles and K complexes.
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Whats the mnemonic for remembering the EEG waveforms during the various sleep stages?
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at night, BATS Drink Blood.
Beta-awake, Alpha- eyes closed, Theta-stage 1, Sleep spindle-stage 2, Delta-stage 3-4, Beta-REM |
