Behavioral Organization - Chapter 9

Front 1

Types of Groups

Back 1

1. Formal Groups
2. Informal Groups
3. Command Groups
4. Task Group
5. Internet Group
6. Friendship Group

Front 2

Stages of Development

Back 2

1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing
5. Adjouring

Front 3

Group Properties

Back 3

1. Roles
2. Norms
3. Status
4. Size
5. Cohesiveness

Front 4

Punctuated Equilibrium Model

Back 4

1. Setting group direction
2. First phase of inertia
3. Half-way point transition
4. Major changes
5. Second phase of inertia
6. Accelerated Activity

Front 5

Group Property: Role

Back 5

A set of expected behavioral patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit

Front 6

List the behavioral patterns of Roles

Back 6

1. Role Identity
2. Role Perception
3. Role Expectations
4. Role Conflict

Front 7

Group Property: Norms

Back 7

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members

Front 8

List the classes of Norms

Back 8

1. Performance Norms
2. Appearance Norms
3. Social Arrangement Norms
4. Allocation of Resources Norms

Front 9

Describe the Hawthorne Experiment

Back 9

Illumination Experiment

Adjusted illumination for random groups of workers and a special control group

As light level increased, productivity increased in both groups

As light level decreased, productivity decreased for the random group but continued to steadily increase for control group

Experiment showed that because group considered themselves elite, workers responded

Different experiment showed that norms in a group meant more than pay

Front 10

Describe Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

Back 10

Stanford

Hired 24 students and randomly assigned guard and prisoner roles

prisoner roles became passive

guard roles became aggressive

why? Social Identity, Stereotypes and student's own experiences with power/powerless relationship.

Front 11

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Back 11

AKA antisocial behavior or workplace incivility

depends on the accepted norm of the group

voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization

Front 12

List the types of deviant behavior

Back 12

1. Production: Work speed
2. Property: damage and stealing
3. Political: favoritism and gossip
4. Personal Aggression: sexual harassment

Front 13

Group Property: Status

Back 13

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others - it differentiates group members

Front 14

Status Characteristics Theory

Back 14

Status is derived from one of three sources:
1. Power a person has over others
2. Ability to contribute to group goals
3. Personal characteristics

Front 15

Social Loafing

Back 15

Tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively than when working alone

Front 16

Group Property: Size

Back 16

Size affects behavior

>12 means large
< 7 means small

Small => speed, Individual Performance, Overall Performance

Large => Problem Solving, Diverse Input, Fact-finding goals

Front 17

Group Property: Cohesiveness

Back 17

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group

Front 18

Managerial Implications to increase Cohesiveness

Back 18

1. Make group smaller
2. Encourage agreement with group goals
3. increase time members spend together
4. increase group status and admission difficulty
5. stimulate competition with other group members
6. give rewards to the group, not individuals
7. physically isolate the group

Front 19

Group Decision Making Strengths

Back 19

1. Generate more complete information and knowledge
2. Offer increased diversity of views and greater creativity
3. Increased acceptance of decisions
4. Generally more accurate (but not as accurate as the most accurate group member)

Front 20

Group Decision Making Weaknesses

Back 20

1. Time-consuming activity
2. Conformity pressures in groups
3. Discussions can be dominated by a few members
4. A situation of ambiguous responsibility

Front 21

Group Decision Making Phenomena

Back 21

1. Group Think
2. Group Shift

Front 22

Group Shift

Back 22

A change in decision risk between a group's decision and an individual's decision that a member w/in the group would make; shift can either be more conservative or more risky

Front 23

Group Decision Making Techniques

Back 23

1. Brainstorming
2. Nominal Group Techniques
3. Electronic Method

Front 24

Nominal Group Techniques

Back 24

Members meet face-to-face to pool ideas in a systematic, but independent approach

Front 25

Social Identity Theory

Back 25

individuals take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group

Front 26

What is Social Identity Important

Back 26

1. Similarity
2. Distinctions
3. Status
4. Uncertainty Reduction