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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lateral fissure
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Structure that separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
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axon hillock
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Where the action potential begins
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Function of the hypothalamus
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homeostatic regulation, like hunger, thirst and temperature control
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Basal Ganglia
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Neural system that includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus and connect with the supplementary motor cortex
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frontal lobe
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The lobe where the primary motor cortex is located
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sodium and potassium
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The two types of voltage-gated channels responsible for the action potential
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Axon
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Location of most voltage-gated ion channels
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Node of Ranvier
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Place where Na+ and K+ ions flow across the membrane along myelinated axons
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axo-axonic
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Type of synapse where one axon synapses onto another axon.
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summation
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Integration of inputs from EPSPs and IPSPs in the axon hillock
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symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Hallucinations,
delusions, social withdrawal, Disorganized thinking |
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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Disease characterized by repeated thoughts and ritualistic behaviors
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symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
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Unwanted flashbacks and hyperarousal
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Panic disorder and post-truamatic stress disorder
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Associated with reduced benzodiazepine receptors in the prefrontal cortex
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schizophrenia
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Characterized by ventricular enlargement
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reinforcer
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An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent.
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episodic memory
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The type of long-term memory used for recalling our high school graduation (episodes/events)
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anterograde amnesia
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Condition in which you can’t remember anything new
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Long Term Potentiation
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The phenomena in which a connection between two neurons is strengthened after high frequency stimulation
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lateral interpositus nucleus
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The neural structure critical for eyeblink conditioning
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Glutamate
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The major excititory neurotransmitter
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ionotropic receptors
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Name for receptors linked to ion channels
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choline and acetate
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One of the molecules that are combined to make acetylcholine
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muscarinic receptor
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The name of the metabotropic receptor for acetylcholine
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dopamine
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Transmitter used by neurons of the ventral tegmental area
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Neurons
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–Functional unit of the nervous system
–Specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Neuron Structure
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Dendrites - Cell Body - Axon
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Types of Neurons
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1) Sensory Neurons
2) Interneurons 3) Motor Neurons |
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Sensory Neurons
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Bring info to the CNS
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Interneurons
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Associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
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Motor Neurons
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Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles
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Shapes of Neurons
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1) multipolar neuron - largest
2) Bipolar neuron 3) Monopolar Neuron - smallest |
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Dendrites
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•Receives input from other neurons - input zone
•Inputs may number in the thousands |
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The Cell Body
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•Soma
–Contains nucleus (Round, centrally located structure that contains DNA) –Provides metabolic and synthetic support –Acts to “gate” information from dendrites –Integration zone |
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Axon
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•Starts at the axon hillock where axon joins cell body
•Conducts action potentials – conduction zone •Branches to form axon collaterals •Axonal transport - anterograde & retrograde |
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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4 Basic Forms of Learning
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1) perceptual learning
2) stimulus-response learning 3) motor learning 4) relational learning |
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Perceptual Learning
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-ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before.
•The primary function = the ability to identify and categorize objects and situations. -Each of our sensory systems is capable of it -Accomplished primarily by changes in the sensory association cortex (visual association cortex, auditory association cortex, etc) |
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Stimulus-Response Learning
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-the ability to learn to perform a particular behavior when a particular stimulus is present
-includes classical and instrumental conditioning -The behavior could be an automatic response such as a defensive reflex, or it could be a complicated sequence of movements. -ex. Defensive eyeblink response |
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Classical Conditioning
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•A conditioned stimulus (CS) is an initially neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to signal important biological events.
•An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is an event that elicits a response without prior experience. •A conditioned response (CR) is a learned reaction to a CS. •An unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to a UCS. |
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Learning & the Cerebellum
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•Learning will occur when the parallel fibers and climbing fibers activate the Purkinje cells at the same time.
•reduces EPSPs in the Purkinje cells, or long-term depression (LTD). •LTD results from a lower responsiveness to glutamate (fewer receptors) by the Purkinje cells. |
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Operant Conditioning
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AKA Instrumental Conditioning
–A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior -involves an association between a response and a stimulus -more flexible type of learning -when a behavior is followed by favorable consequences, the behavior tends to occur more frequently; when it is followed by unfavorable consequences, it tends to occur less frequently. |
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Reinforcer
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An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent.
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Punisher
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An aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.
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Motor Learning
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-a component of stimulus-response learning.
-Learning to make a new response |
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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
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•A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input.
•LTP leads to synapses that are more efficient. •Hebb rule –The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires. •cells that fire together, wire together |
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LTP
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•develops rapidly
•is long-lasting •found where memory occurs in the brain •has properties of associativity and cooperativity |
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Modal Model of Memory
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Sensory input - Sensory Store
Short-term/Working Store -unrehearsed info is lost in 10-15 seconds Long-Term Store -consolidation -some info lost over time *LTP in between short and long-term store |
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Extension of Pathways
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Fusiform –faces
Parahippocampal - places Middle temporal- objects |
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Delay Cells
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-in delayed response tasks
-located in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
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H.M.
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- Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures - Severe anterograde amnesia (although STM intact)
- Graded retrograde amnesia (extending over 3 years) - Normal IQ |
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Entorhinal-hippocampal loop
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Dentate Gyrus - Hippo CA3 - Hippo CA1 - Hippo subiculum - Entorhinal Cortex (which can go to any of the 4 to restart loop)
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Episodic memories may turn into semantic memories over time
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True
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Remembering vs Knowing
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-Knowing semantic memories does not require active reconstruction of the original episode, it is assessed by a ‘feeling of knowing’.
-Remembering autobiographical episodes involves an active reconstruction of the original (conscious) episode |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Birth defect caused by ingestion of alcohol by pregnant woman
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Neural Adhesion Protein
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Protein that plays role in brain development
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Down Syndrome
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Caused by presence of extra twenty-first chromosomes
Characterized by moderate-to-severe metal retardation Often by physical abnormalities |
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Parkin
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–Protein that plays role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to proteasomes
–Mutated parkin is cause of familial Parkinson’s disease |
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Huntington’s Disease
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Basal ganglia disease
Caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Characterized by progressively more severe uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, dementia, and finally death At present, there is no treatment for Huntington’s disease |
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Huntington's Disease symptoms
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-Symptoms usually begin in person’s thirties and forties, but can sometimes begin in early twenties
-Movements look like fragments of purposeful movements but occur involuntarily -Disease is progressive -Death usually occurs within ten to fifteen years after symptoms begin |
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Amyloid Plaque
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Extracellular deposit containing dense core of -amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons and dendrites and activated microglia and reactive astrocytes
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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-an autoimmune demyelinating disease
-At scattered locations within central nervous system, a person’s immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leaving behind hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques |
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MS Treatment
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Only two treatments have shown promise (Aktas, Keiseier, and Hartung, 2009)
•Interferon •Glatiramer acetate (also known as copaxone or copolymer-1) |
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome
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•Neither hereditary nor contagious
•Caused by environmental factors—usually (but not always) involving chronic alcoholism •Disorder actually results from thiamine deficiency •Causes anterograde amnesia •Damage occurs in mammillary bodies, located at base of brain, in posterior hypothalamus |
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Encephalitis
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Inflammation of brain caused by bacteria, viruses, or toxic chemicals
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Herpes Simplex Virus
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Virus that normally causes cold sore near lips, but can also cause brain damage
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Rabies
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Fatal viral disease that causes brain damage and is usually transmitted through bite of infected animal
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Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
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Viral disease that destroys motor neurons of brain and spinal cord
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Meningitis
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Inflammation of meninges; can be caused by viruses or bacteria
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