Behavioral Neuroscience Ch 4: Pgs 89-95

Front 1

Define Neurochemistry

Back 1

The branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system

Front 2

Define Neuropharmacology

Back 2

Also called psycho pharmacology. The scientific field concerned with the discovery and study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system.

Front 3

Define Amine neurotransmitter

Back 3

A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, or dopamine

Front 4

Define amino acid neurotransmitter

Back 4

A neurotransmitter that is itself, an amino acid, such as GABA, glycine, or glutamate

Front 5

Define peptide neurotransmitter

Back 5

A neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids

Front 6

Gas neurotransmitter

Back 6

A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron

Front 7

Receptor

Back 7

Also called receptor molecule. a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone

Front 8

Ionotropic receptor

Back 8

a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist

Front 9

Metabotropic receptor

Back 9

A type of transmitter receptor that does not contain an ion channel, but may, when activated, us a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel

Front 10

Receptor subtype

Back 10

Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter

Front 11

Ligand

Back 11

A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cell

Front 12

Agonist

Back 12

A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter

Front 13

Antagonist

Back 13

A molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter

Front 14

Inverse agonist

Back 14

A substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does

Front 15

Endogenous

Back 15

Produced inside the body

Front 16

exogenous

Back 16

Arising from outside the body

Front 17

Co-localization

Back 17

Also called co-release,. Here, the appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal

Front 18

Acetylcholine

Back 18

(ACh) An amine transmitter that stimulates muscle contraction, but is also found throughout the brain

Front 19

Cholinergic

Back 19

Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter

Front 20

Nicotinic

Back 20

Referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as to acetylcholine

Front 21

Muscarinic

Back 21

referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine

Front 22

Catecholamines

Back 22

A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, incli\uding dopamine and norepinephrine

Front 23

Indoleamines

Back 23

A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including serotonin and melatonin

Front 24

Dopamine (DA)

Back 24

A monoamine transmitter found in the mid brain - especially the substantia nigra- and basal fore brain

Front 25

Mesostriatal pathway

Back 25

A set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum

Front 26

Mesolimbocortical pathway

Back 26

A set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex

Front 27

substantia nigra

Back 27

A midbrain structure that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain, eapeically the basal ganglia

Front 28

Striatum

Back 28

The caudate nucleus and putamen together

Front 29

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Back 29

A portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens

Front 30

Norepinephrine (NE)

Back 30

Also called noradrenaline. A synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei

Front 31

Locus coeruleus

Back 31

A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain

Front 32

Noradrenergic

Back 32

Referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter

Front 33

Serotonin (5-HT)

Back 33

A synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres

Front 34

Serotonergic

Back 34

referring to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter

Front 35

Raphe nuclei

Back 35

A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain

Front 36

Dorsal raphe

Back 36

One of the midbrain muclei that give rise to most of the serotonergic projections of the brain

Front 37

Glutamate

Back 37

An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter

Front 38

Asparate

Back 38

An amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses

Front 39

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Back 39

A widely distributed amino-acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system

Front 40

Glycine

Back 40

an amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory

Front 41

Glutamatergic

Back 41

Referring to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter

Front 42

Excitotoxicity

Back 42

The property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate

Front 43

opioid peptide

Back 43

A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward

Front 44

Nitric oxide (NO)

Back 44

A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Front 45

Retrograde transmitter

Back 45

A neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron