Behavioral Endocrinology

Front 1

T or F. Hormones decide how we behave?

Back 1

False hormones change the probability to react to an internal or external stimulus with a biologically meaningful behavior.

Front 2

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Back 2

Choleslterol

Front 3

What are the 4 types of steroid hormones?

Back 3

Mineralcorticoids (i.e. aldosterone from adrenal cortex); Stress hromones (i.e. cortisol from adrenal cortex); Male Hormones (i.e. testosterone); Female Hormones (i.e. estradiol)

Front 4

Autonomic control requires what NTs?

Back 4

ACH (parasympathetic), NE ( post ganglionic sympathetic)

Front 5

___NT is involved in?
ACH
DA
NE
SERA(5HT)

Back 5

ACH = Ef MALCAutoS
DA = Ef MALCEuM
NE = RAEf AutoS
5HT = WREC

Ef= executive function
W or S = sleep wake
L = learning
M= memory
uM = motor functions
Auto = autonomic
A = Attention
R = reproduction
C= consumatory behavior

Front 6

What are some major sites of NE release? DA? 5HT?

Back 6

NE = Locus cerulus
Da = VTA, substantia Nigra PC
5HT = Raphe Nuclei

Front 7

What are the cholinergic nuclei atzori want us to know?

Back 7

-Medial septum (major ACH to hypothalamus)
-Vertical & horizontal limbs of the diagnol band of Broca
-Basal Forebrain
-Substantia innominata
-Lateral dorsal tegmentum
-Pedunculopontine tegmentum

Front 8

True or false. Steroids use Ca and vesicles to have effects?

Back 8

False, they cross the membrane becuase they are lipophilic like vesicels and have there effect on intracellular receptors.

Front 9

What are the mechanisms of actions of hromones?

Back 9

Membrane receptors (G proteins, TKR and others)and intracellular receptors (cytosolic and nuclear R)

Front 10

How are G- proteins activated and what are they composed of?

Back 10

a 7 transmembrane protein Receptor
A trimeric complex w/ alpha (Gs Gq Gi) beta gamma (B&G may undersome conditions activate L type Ca channels) subunits that are realesed from the receptor upon binding to start the 2nd msenger cascade.

Front 11

Gs

Back 11

cAMP stimulatory g protien.
Actiaves adenylyl cyclase which increases production of cAMP. Increased cAMP activates PKA which phosphorylates proteins increasing their activity.

Front 12

Gi

Back 12

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Opposing the effects of Gs

Front 13

Gq

Back 13

Activates phospholipase C which cleaves PIP2 into DAG(membrane) and IP3(diffusable)
DAG activates PKC which acts like PKA

IP3 activates the ER Ca channels increasing intercellular Ca.

Front 14

What are the hypothalamic hormones, what cells do they come from, what cells do they act on, and what is their action?

Back 14

They come from the parvocelluar cells of the hypothalamus and act on anterior pituitary. See figure.

Front 15

GH is released after?

Back 15

Relased in the general hormone pulsitile pattern but also after strenuous exercise and in the first few hours of sleep. It accelerates cell growth, multiplication, metabollism, cell renewl and interestingly audlts with high GH turnover age more slowly.

Front 16

General factors that effect hormone release?

Back 16

Metabolic, psychologic, physiologic and environmental factors modify hormone release
The action of hormones on gene expression is the link that makes hormonal unbalances a major determinant of human personality

Front 17

Atzoris notes say hypothalamus has evolved for controlling?

Back 17

Connection between
Body and External Environment through Behavior

hypothalamus-
communicates with the body via the pituitary (humoral) and autonomic & enteric NS (neural)

Hypothalamus recieve info about the body state from organs and through emotional and motivational parts of the brain

Front 18

Elements of Feedback?

Back 18

Set point, transducer (monitors and produces signal when change occurs), and control through autonomic or behavior

Front 19

Examples of negative feedback?

Back 19

Temperatrue Regulation through + & - error i.e. shivering or sweating. or even getting a blanket

Front 20

Examples of Positive feedback?

Back 20

Paturation, ovum removal, lactation

Snowball effect- once the variable departs it is propelled further untill a desired change occurs.

Front 21

Hormone action summary

Back 21

Front 22

Which hormone have inhibitory factors instead of a typical feedback loop?

Back 22

Both prolactin and GH have many more functions beyond these
They do not have the three-level production control, but they are just controlled by the
“short loop” because they act more in a distributed manner
These two pituitary hormones have the important property that the hypothalamus can
- Increase their release with a Prolactin releasing factor and a growth hormone
releasing hormone (GHRH), respectively, or (here is the novelty)
- Decrease their release with Dopamine, or Somatostatin, respectively

Eating disorders may have to do with a bad feedback loop.

Front 23

Atzori said know the example

Front 24

Atzori said knop the example

Back 24

Front 25

What happens if you lesion or have hyper activity of the organ?

Back 25

Front 26

Neuroendocrine reflex example

Back 26

Front 27

Graded Reflex example

Back 27

Front 28

Difference b/t reflex and homeostatic mechanism?

Back 28

Reflex-Controlled and feedback variable is a hormone
Homeostatic-Controlled and feedback variable is a systemic variable

A reflex is usually triggered by a large displacement of a system variable outside the normal variation range (life-threatening situation)

Homeostasis is part of the physiological control of a variable within the physiological range

Reflex after a car accident limit loss of blood

Front 29

What is pulsitility? What is the biological effect

Back 29

The propensity of endocrine cells to synchonize when firing. Ca plays a role in at least some instances

The biological Corollary of this fact is that the presentation of continuous stimuli of hypothalamic hormones is less effective, or even inhibitory, in releasing pituitary hormones.

Front 30

How can neurosecreation be effected?

Back 30

1) Neuroendocrine pulse generating mechanisms
(cell-cell connectivity and local signaling)

2) Membrane and Voltage-dependence modulation

3) Modulation in hormone or receptor transcription or translation (mRNA production or protein synthesis)

4) post-translational processing

5) Stimulus secretion coupling (presynaptic terminal)

Front 31

T or F. Hormone create neural ciruits?

Back 31

False, they simply activate them.

Front 32

induction of sexual behavior in the female by estrogen and progesterone

Back 32

Estrogen ↑ the production of oxytocin receptors in the VMN of the hypothalamus
Progesterone facilitates their cellular distribution
An increased oxytocin response ↑ the sensibility to oxitocin of this nucleus and produces the lordotic behavior

Front 33

T or F. Hormones can have permanant effects?

Back 33

True. can have permanent or long-lasting consequences

Example: growth hormone during development
-genes create the structure the hormone make it grow

Front 34

General info on crosstalk and effect on intracellular cascades.

Back 34

Basically One hormone can facilitate or inhibit another


Cross-talk between different hormones:
Effect of Intracellular cascades

Although many chemical cascades are sometimes compartimentalized (they happen in different anatomical regions, cell types, or at least different part of the same cell), in most cases metabolic cascades are NOT compartimentalized


Example: steroid hormones receptors can be activated, or their sensitivity to their activators can be increased (or decreased) by cAMP and growth factors

This cross-talk greatly complicates the interpretation of neuroendocrine experiments

Front 35

Can other cells and areas make hypthalamic hormones?

Back 35

hypothyalamus is not exclusive in synthezising and releasing its hormones, but also several other classes of cells in the brain can produce the same hormones

Front 36

What hypothalamic hormones are relased in the posterior pituitary? What is the cell type?

Back 36

oxytocin and vassopressin
magnocellular

Front 37

CRH

Back 37

Peptide, parvocellular, corticotropes, Gs maybe Gq, ACTH, glucocoricoid cortisol, suppresses GHRH & LHRH, involved in psychiatric disorders, and
CRH-MEC Auto
M=memory; E=emotion; C=Consumatory behavior; Auto= autonomic

Front 38

GnRH or LHRH

Back 38

LHRH/GnRH is a peptide released from the parvocellular cells (primarilly Mid. & Preop hypo) affected by light and steroid hormones but atzori says not sex steroids it acts on ganadotropes through Gq/11 to releases LH & FSH which act on the sex organs to produce sex hormones facilitating sexual behavior.

The ventromedial n. of the hypothalamus is necessary for development of lordotic behavior

No receptors for sex steroids,
no negative feedback closing the loop
acts to close the loop through different cells

Front 39

GHRH or Samatotropin

Back 39

Produced in MEDIAL ( arcuate, medial perifonical region of lateral) hypothalamus and other low density

Co released w/ DA or galanin

modulated by TRH, Substance P, enkephalins, monamines

Front 40

SRIH

Back 40

Peptide produced by somatotropes (primarly anteriorr hypo) which activates Gi and many act by block of Ca by V depdent Ca channels

extrahypothalamic areas
pancreas, gut
Neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, septumm, brainstem

Autosynapses -branch that goes back to cells that produce somatostatin

found in a lot of gabaergic interneurons

Modulated by CRH,NPY, GABA

Front 41

TRH

Back 41

produced by ANTERIOR(PVN), PREOPTIC, MEDIAL
& uses Gq/11 to simulate TSH release


[ paraventricular (anterior), preoptic, dorsomedial (medial), laterobasal,]

Outside hypo: Raphe, Olfacotry bulb, diagnal band of broca, septum

Modulated by NPY, Proopiomelanocortin, NE, 5HT, autosynapses

Front 42

PIF

Back 42

A Major PIF is DA
produced in the anterior and middle (tuberoinfundibular of arcuate N (middle), Anterior Periventricular (Anterior))

Modulated by CRH and 5HT

Front 43

What are the hypothalmic outputs?

Back 43

Humoral via portal system and Neural output to brain and spinal cord

Front 44

What are the hypothalamic inputs?

Back 44

Humorla form body glands

Neural from
amygdala
Hippocampus
septum
thalamus
basal ganglia
cortex
lower brainstem (modulatory NT nuclei especially)
spinal cord

Front 45

How does the immune system effect the endocrine and vice versa?

Back 45

The immune system effects by cytokines but can also produce peptide hromones.

Hormones and neurohormones regulate immune function

Thymus activates antibodie producing cells and is involved in the stress response.

Front 46

What are the Nuclei of Anterior hypothalamus Atzori wants us to know?

Back 46

Periventricular (somatostatin, DA)

Suprachiasmatic (biological clock, peptidergic neruons)

Anterior Hypothalamic N

Supraoptic (Oxytocin[dorsal]; Vasopressin [ventral])

Paraventricular ( peptides like CRF, TRH.

Front 47

What are the Nuclei of Middle hypothalamus Atzori wants us to know?

Back 47

Arcuate N (peptides, DA, GRH, POMC)

VM N (connected to limbic system hippocampus and amygdala)

DM N

Perifornical N (angiotensin II, projects to other hypo N)

Front 48

What are the Nuclei of posterior hypothalamus Atzori wants us to know?

Back 48

Tuberomammillary N (HA)

Ventral premammillary (POMC)

Dorsal Premammillary

Posterior Premammillary (DA cells to spinal cord)

Supramammillary to dentate gyrus ( hippocampus) medial septum + diagonal band of Broca

Front 49

T or F. The median eminance has both fibers from hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic areas.

Back 49

True, Extrahypothalamic are monaminergic fibers.

The hypo are POMC, NT, SubP, galanin, GABA, pituitary hormones, CCK, enkephalins, VIP, AII, ANP

Front 50

Glucocorticoid system regulates?

Back 50

Such as cortisol effect HPA axis and stress

Front 51

Mineralcoricoid regulate?

Back 51

such as aldosterone effect body fluid and electrolyte balance through angiotensin-renin via kidney and smooth muscle of vessels

Front 52

Vitamin D is?

Back 52

a derivative of cholesterol with many functions.

Front 53

Name the Estradiol R?

Back 53

ERbeta, ER alpha

Front 54

Testsoterone plays a role in?

Back 54

not just sexual behavior but regulating and coordinating neuroendocrine and NT behavior

Front 55

Progesterone role is?

Back 55

alot like testosterone but can inhibit sexual receptivity and facilitate lordotic behavior.

Front 56

Steroid hormones are produced and bind to?

Back 56

are produced both inside and outside the brain; They bind to n uclear R, GABAaR and GluR

Front 57

Nuclear R

Back 57

are steroid R activated transcription factors influenciung gene expression in many areas. Affecting Neuronal morphology, Cell survival, Neurochemical phenotype, connectivity

Front 58

Oxytocin an Vassopressin structure are?

Back 58

Similar and vary by 2 AA 1 being in the ring portion

Front 59

Name the early genes that are used as activyt markers?

Back 59

cFos, cJun, Elav, Homer, Arc