Behavioral Ecology 470 Final Review

Front 1

What is the ratio of sexually receptive males to receptive females called?

Back 1

operational sex ratio

Front 2

What is expenditures of time and energy and risks taken by a parent to help one offspring are considered?

Back 2

parental investment

Front 3

When is the best time to be sexual?

Back 3

when the environment is changing and unpredictable

Front 4

When is the best time to be asexual?

Back 4

when the environment is constant

Front 5

What sexual selection?

Back 5

the advantage which certain indivudals have over others of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction

Front 6

What is dominance hierarchy?

Back 6

one sexually selected manifestation of conflict in males, in which individuals that live together in groups interact aggressively for a while before sorting themselves out from top dog to bottom mutt.

Front 7

What does alpha, beta and gamma refer to?

Back 7

alpha-large
beta-medium
gamma-small

Front 8

What is sperm competition?

Back 8

competition among males with respect to their fertilization success of their sperm

Front 9

What is mate guarding?

Back 9

males physically preventing their partner from mating again after insemination of their sperm

Front 10

What is the theory called that explains aspects of male color, ornamentation and courtship behavior as sexually selected indicators of a male's capacity to provide parental caer?

Back 10

good parent theory

Front 11

What is female preferences that are focused on male courtship displays and ornaments that serve as indicators of potential sexual partner's health or parasite load called?

Back 11

healthy mate theory

Front 12

What theory proposes that male courtship displays and ornaments provide information to females that enables them to choose males with viability-enhancing genes?

Back 12

good genes theory

Front 13

What theory proposes that discriminating females acquire sperm with genes whose primarily effect is to influence their daughters to prefer the male traits their mother found attractive and to endow their sons with attributes that will be preferred by most females?

Back 13

runaway selection theory

Front 14

What theory proposes that exploitation and conflict between the sexes, rather than cooperation and mutual benefit, could drive the process

Back 14

chase-away selection theory

Front 15

What is sensory exploitation?

Back 15

when signal givers tap into preexisting perceptual mechanims in a signal receiver

Front 16

What are the benefits of polyandry?

Back 16

fertility insurance, increase compatability, good genes, more resources, increased protection, infantcide reduction

Front 17

What are the types of material benefits for polyandry?

Back 17

increased protection, resources, infanticide reduction

Front 18

What are the types of genetic benefits that result from polyandry?

Back 18

good genes, fertility insurance, and increased genetic compatibility

Front 19

What is a lek?

Back 19

polygnous males attract several mates to a display territory

Front 20

Does the number of offspring go up when an animal defends several females in a group?

Back 20

no it goes down

Front 21

How do males compete in polygnous situations?

Back 21

resource defense, female defense, scramble competition, lek

Front 22

What is the hotspot hypothesis?

Back 22

males cluster because females tend to travel along particular routes that intersect

Front 23

What is the hotshot hypothesis?

Back 23

males cluster around highly attractive males in order to encounter more females

Front 24

What is the female preference hypothesis?

Back 24

males cluster anywhere because females tend to be attracted to the largest aggregation of males

Front 25

What is the parental care model mating system determined by?

Back 25

the distribution of parental care between the sexes

Front 26

What is the polygyny threshhold model mating system determined by?q

Back 26

the differences between the value of alternative male territories

Front 27

When should polygny take place?

Back 27

territory quality

Front 28

When females and resources are clumped what type of polygny defense becomes more likely?

Back 28

resource and female defense

Front 29

What would males do if females or resources are widely dispersed in terms of polygny?

Back 29

nonterritorial scamble competition or display at a lek

Front 30

Why is monogamy good for males and females?

Back 30

mate assistance, mate guarding, female enforced,

Front 31

When there is ecological correlation what can increase parental care given?

Back 31

stable habitat, predictable environment, specialized food, high predation, altricial young, less offspring

Front 32

What are the predictors of parental care?

Back 32

ecological correlation, demographic correlation

Front 33

When does care increase when there is demographic correlation?

Back 33

where there is a longer life span, larger body size, iteroparity, philopatry and monogamy

Front 34

What is iteroparity?

Back 34

going to reproduce multiple times during a lifetime

Front 35

What is philopatry?

Back 35

tendency of offspring to remain where they were born

Front 36

When does care decrease when correlated with demography?

Back 36

short lifetime, smaller body size, semi-parity, free spawning and polgamy

Front 37

What are the parental care conflicts?

Back 37

male-female conflict, parent-offspring conflict,

Front 38

What is nepotism?

Back 38

avoid provisioning non-kin

Front 39

What is proximate cause?

Back 39

an immediate, underlying caused based on the operational internal mechanisms possessed by an individual.

Front 40

What is ultimate cause?

Back 40

the evolutionary, historical reason why something is the way it is.

Front 41

What are the proximate causations for the monogamy of prarie voles?

Back 41

the internal and physiological causes that occur during the voles lifetime

Front 42

What aer the ultimate causes for monogamy of prarie voles?

Back 42

why they were able to reproduce better in the past, and why the genes have survived over time and happened in previous generations, evolutionary

Front 43

When is evolutionary change inevitable; name the three circumstances.

Back 43

1. variation
2. heredity
3. differences in reproductive success

Front 44

what aer the segments that faithfully encode the ifnromation needed for synthesis of proteins,.

Back 44

genes

Front 45

What is genetic variation within a species occurs when a given gene exists in two forms called?

Back 45

alleles

Front 46

what is the formula for evolutionary change at a genetic level?

Back 46

genetic variation and differential reproduction

Front 47

What is it called when reproductive success is based on differences among groups in their ability to survive?

Back 47

group selection