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152 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
False perception that objects are larger than they really are. Compare with micropsia.
magical thinking
macropsia
A form of dereistic thought; thinking similar to that of the preoperational phase in children (Jean Piaget), in which thoughts, words, or actions assume power (e.g., to cause or to prevent events).
malingering
magical thinking
Feigning disease to achieve a specific goal, for example, to avoid an unpleasant responsibility.
malingering
Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking (flight of ideas). Seen in bipolar I disorder. See also hypomania.


Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking (flight of ideas). Seen in bipolar I disorder. See also hypomania.
mania
Maneuvering by patients to get their own way; characteristic of antisocial personalities.
manipulation
Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement.
mannerism
Severe depressive state. Used in the term involutional melancholia as a descriptive term and also in reference to a distinct diagnostic entity.
melancholia
Process whereby what is experienced or learned is established as a record in the CNS (registration), where it persists with a variable degree of permanence (retention) and can be recollected or retrieved from storage at will (recall). For types of memory, see immediate memory, long-term memory, and short-term memory.
memory
mental disorder
Psychiatric illness or disease whose manifestations are primarily characterized by behavioral or psychological impairment of function, measured in terms of deviation from some normative concept; associated with distress or disease, not just an expected response to a particular event or limited to relations between a person and society.
mental disorder
Subaverage general intellectual functioning that originates in the developmental period and is associated with impaired maturation and learning, and social maladjustment. Retardation is commonly defined in terms of intelligent quotient (IQ): mild (between 50 and 55 to 70), moderate (between 35 and 40 to between 50 and 55), severe (between 20 and 25 to between 35 and 40), and profound (below 20 to 25).
mental retardation
Speech disturbance common in schizophrenia in which the affected person uses a word or phrase that is related to the proper one but is not the one ordinarily used; for example, the patient speaks of consuming a menu rather than a meal, or refers to losing the piece of string of the conversation, rather than the thread of the conversation. See also paraphasia and word approximation
metonymy
Condition in which the head is unusually small as a result of defective brain development and premature ossification of the skull.
microcephaly
False perception that objects are smaller than they really are. Sometimes called lilliputian hallucination


False perception that objects are smaller than they really are. Sometimes called lilliputian hallucination
micropsia
Waking up after falling asleep without difficulty and then having difficulty in falling asleep again.
middle insomnia
Simple, imitative motion activity of childhood.

Simple, imitative motion activity of childhood.
mimicry
Mental state characterized by preoccupation with one subject.
monomania
Pervasive and sustained feeling tone that is experienced internally and that, in the extreme, can markedly influence virtually all aspects of a person's behavior and perception of the world. Distinguished from affect, the external expression of the internal feeling tone.
mood
Delusion with content that is mood appropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are responsible for the destruction of the world)
mood-congruent delusion
Hallucination with content that is consistent with a depressed or manic mood (e.g., depressed patients hearing voices telling them that they are bad persons and manic patients hearing voices telling them that they have inflated worth, power, or knowledge).
mood-congruent hallucination
Delusion based on incorrect reference about external reality, with content that has no association to mood or is mood inappropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are the new Messiah).
mood-incongruent delusion
Hallucination not associated with real external stimuli, with content that is not consistent with depressed or manic mood (e.g., in depression, hallucinations not involving such themes as guilt, deserved punishment, or inadequacy; in mania, not involving such themes as inflated worth or power).
mood-incongruent hallucination
Oscillation of a person's emotional feeling tone between periods of elation and periods of depression.
mood swings
Aphasia in which understanding is intact, but the ability to speak is lost. Also called Broca's, expressive, or nonfluent aphasias.
motor aphasia
Syndrome following loss of a loved one, consisting of preoccupation with the lost individual, weeping, sadness, and repeated reliving of memories. See also bereavement and grief.
mourning
State in which the muscles remain immovable; seen in schizophrenia.
muscle rigidity
Organic or functional absence of the faculty of speech. See also stupor.
mutism
Dilation of the pupil; sometimes occurs as an autonomic (anticholinergic) or atropine-like adverse effect of some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs.
mydriasis
In psychoanalytic theory, divided into primary and secondary types: primary narcissism, the early infantile phase of object relationship development, when the child has not differentiated the self from the outside world, and all sources of pleasure are unrealistically recognized as coming from within the self, giving the child a false sense of omnipotence; secondary narcissism, when the libido, once attached to external love objects, is redirected back to the self. See also autistic thinking
narcissism
The persistent, intense, pathological fear of receiving an injection.
needle phobia
In schizophrenia: flat affect, alogia, abulia, and apathy.
negative signs
Verbal or nonverbal opposition or resistance to outside suggestions and advice; commonly seen in catatonic schizophrenia in which the patient resists any effort to be moved or does the opposite of what is asked.
negativism
New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood; often seen in schizophrenia. It has also been used to mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed but whose origins are nonetheless understandable (e.g., headshoe to mean hat), but such constructions are more properly referred to as word approximations.
neologism
(1) Auditory amnesia: loss of ability to comprehend sounds or speech. (2) Tactile amnesia: loss of ability to judge the shape of objects by touch. See also astereognosis. (3) Verbal amnesia: loss of ability to remember words. (4) Visual amnesia: loss of ability to recall or to recognize familiar objects or printed words.
neurological amnesia
Delusion of the nonexistence of the self or part of the self; also refers to an attitude of total rejection of established values or extreme skepticism regarding moral and value judgments.
nihilism
Depressive delusion that the world and everything related to it have ceased to exist.
nihilistic delusion
Revelation in which immense illumination occurs in association with a sense that one has been chosen to lead and command. Can occur in manic or dissociative states.
noeisis
Aphasia characterized by difficulty in giving the correct name of an object. See also anomia and
nominal aphasia
Abnormal, excessive, insatiable desire in a woman for sexual intercourse. Compare with satyriasis
nymphomania
Persistent and recurrent idea, thought, or impulse that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logic or reasoning; obsessions are involuntary and ego-dystonic. See also compulsion.
obsession
Hallucination primarily involving smell or odors; most common in medical disorders, especially in the temporal lobe.
olfactory hallucination
State of awareness of oneself and one's surroundings in terms of time, place, and person.
orientation
Abnormality in motor behavior that can manifest itself as psychomotor agitation, hyperactivity (hyperkinesis), tics, sleepwalking, or compulsions.
overactivity
False or unreasonable belief or idea that is sustained beyond the bounds of reason. It is held with less intensity or duration than a delusion, but is usually associated with mental illness.
overvalued idea
Acute, intense attack of anxiety associated with personality disorganization; the anxiety is overwhelming and accompanied by feelings of impending doom.
panic
Overwhelming fear of everything.
panphobia
Gesticulation; psychodrama without the use of words.
pantomime
Disturbance of memory in which reality and fantasy are confused. It is observed in dreams and in certain types of schizophrenia and organic mental disorders; it includes phenomena such as
paramnesia
Rare psychiatric syndrome marked by the gradual development of a highly elaborate and complex delusional system, generally involving persecutory or grandiose delusions, with few other signs of personality disorganization or thought disorder.
paranoia
Includes persecutory delusions and delusions of reference, control, and grandeur.
paranoid delusions
Thinking dominated by suspicious, persecutory, or grandiose content of less than delusional proportions
paranoid ideation
Abnormal speech in which one word is substituted for another, the irrelevant word generally resembling the required one in morphology, meaning, or phonetic composition; the inappropriate word may be a legitimate one used incorrectly, such as clover instead of hand, or a bizarre nonsense expression, such as treen instead of train. Paraphasic speech may be seen in organic aphasias and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia. See also metonymy and word approximation
paraphasia
Faulty act, such as a slip of the tongue or the misplacement of an article. Freud ascribed parapraxes to unconscious motives.
parapraxis
Weakness or partial paralysis of organic origin.
paresis
Abnormal spontaneous tactile sensation, such as a burning, tingling, or pins-and-needles sensation
paresthesia
Conscious awareness of elements in the environment by the mental processing of sensory stimuli; sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to the mental process by which all kinds of data, intellectual, emotional, and sensory, are meaningfully organized. See also apperception.
perception
(1) Pathological repetition of the same response to different stimuli, as in a repetition of the same verbal response to different questions. (2) Persistent repetition of specific words or concepts in the process of speaking. Seen in cognitive disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illness. See also verbigeration.
perseveration
False sensation that an extremity that has been lost is, in fact, present.
phantom limb
Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that the fear is irrational but, nonetheless, cannot dispel it.
phobia
Craving and eating of nonfood substances, such as paint and clay.
pica
Pathological overeating.
polyphagia
In schizophrenia: hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.
positive signs
Strange, fixed, and bizarre bodily positions held by a patient for an extended time. See also catatonia.
posturing
Speech that is adequate in amount, but conveys little information because of vagueness, emptiness, or stereotyped phrases.
poverty of speech content
Restriction in the amount of speech used; replies may be monosyllabic. See also laconic speech.
poverty of speech
Centering of thought content on a particular idea, associated with a strong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal preoccupation.
preoccupation of thought
Increase in the amount of spontaneous speech; rapid, loud, accelerated speech, as occurs in mania, schizophrenia, and cognitive disorders.
pressured speech
In psychoanalysis, the mental activity directly related to the functions of the id and characteristic of unconscious mental processes; marked by primitive, prelogical thinking and by the tendency to seek immediate discharge and gratification of instinctual demands. Includes thinking that is dereistic, illogical, magical; normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychosis. Compare with secondary process thinking.
primary process thinking
Unconscious defense mechanism in which persons attribute to another those generally unconscious ideas, thoughts, feelings, and impulses that are in themselves undesirable or unacceptable as a form of protection from anxiety arising from an inner conflict; by externalizing whatever is unacceptable, they deal with it as a situation apart from themselves.
projection
Inability to recognize familiar faces that is not caused by impaired visual acuity or level of consciousness.
prosopagnosia
Rare condition in which a nonpregnant patient has the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, such as abdominal distention, breast enlargement, pigmentation, cessation of menses, and morning sickness.
pseudocyesis
(1) Dementia-like disorder that can be reversed by appropriate treatment and is not caused by organic brain disease. (2) Condition in which patients show exaggerated indifference to their surroundings in the absence of a mental disorder; also occurs in depression and factitious disorders.
pseudodementia
Disorder characterized by uncontrollable lying in which patients elaborate extensive fantasies that they freely communicate and act on.
pseudologia phantastica
Physical and mental overactivity that is usually nonproductive and is associated with a feeling of inner turmoil, as seen in agitated depression.
psychomotor agitation
Mental disorder in which the thoughts, affective response, ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with the capacity to deal with reality; the classic characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions.
psychosis
(1) Person experiencing psychosis. (2) Denoting or characteristic of psychosis.
psychotic
An unconscious defense mechanism in which irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings are logically justified or made consciously tolerable by plausible means.
rationalization
Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person develops a socialized attitude or interest that is the direct antithesis of some infantile wish or impulse that is harbored consciously or unconsciously. One of the earliest and most unstable defense mechanisms, closely related to repression; both are defenses against impulses or urges that are unacceptable to the ego.
reaction formation
Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate between the external world and the internal world and to accurately judge the relation between the self and the environment.
reality testing
Process of bringing stored memories into consciousness.
recall
Recall of events over the past few days.
recent memory
Recall of events over the past few months.
recent past memory
Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech. See also fluent aphasia and sensory aphasia.
receptive aphasia
Difficulty in comprehending oral language; the impairment involves comprehension and production of language.
receptive dysphasia
Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person undergoes a partial or total return to earlier patterns of adaptation; observed in many psychiatric conditions, particularly schizophrenia.
regression
Recall of events from the distant past.
remote memory
Freud's term for an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable mental contents are banished or kept out of consciousness; important in normal psychological development and in neurotic and psychotic symptom formation. Freud recognized two kinds of repression: (1) repression proper, in which the repressed material was once in the conscious domain, and (2) primal repression, in which the repressed material was never in the conscious realm. Compare with suppression.
repression
Reduction in intensity of feeling tone, which is less severe than in blunted affect, but clearly reduced. See also constricted affect.
restricted affect
Loss of memory for events preceding the onset of the amnesia. Compare with anterograde amnesia.
retrograde amnesia
Memory becomes unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state.
retrospective falsification
In psychiatry, a person's resistance to change, a personality trait.
rigidity
(1) Formalized activity practiced by a person to reduce anxiety, as in OCD. (2) Ceremonial activity of cultural origin.
ritual
Constant preoccupation with thinking about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.
rumination
Morbid, insatiable sexual need or desire in a man. Compare with nymphomania.
satyriasis
(1) In psychiatry, a figurative blind spot in a person's psychological awareness. (2) In neurology, a localized visual field defect.
scotoma
In psychoanalysis, the form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality oriented, and influenced by the demands of the environment; characterizes the mental activity of the ego. Compare with primary process thinking.
secondary process thinking
An attack or sudden onset of certain symptoms, such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and psychic or sensory disturbances; seen in epilepsy and can be substance induced.
seizure
Hypothetical sensory center in the brain that is involved with clarity of awareness about oneself and one's surroundings, including the ability to perceive and to process ongoing events in light of past experiences, future options, and current circumstances; sometimes used interchangeably with consciousness.
sensorium
Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech. See also fluent aphasia and receptive aphasia.
sensory aphasia
Neurological sign operationally defined as failure to report one of two simultaneously presented sensory stimuli, despite that either stimulus alone is correctly reported. Also called sensory inattention.
sensory extinction
Failure to live up to self-expectations; often associated with fantasy of how person will be seen by others. See also guilt.
shame
Reproduction, recognition, or recall of perceived material within minutes after the initial presentation. Compare with immediate memory and long-term memory.
short-term memory
Impairment in the perception or integration of visual stimuli appearing simultaneously.
simultanagnosia
Delusion pertaining to the functioning of one's body.
somatic delusion
Hallucination involving the perception of a physical experience localized within the body.
somatic hallucination
Inability to recognize a part of one's body as one's own (also called ignorance of the body and autotopagnosia
somatopagnosia
Pathological sleepiness or drowsiness from which one can be aroused to a normal state of consciousness.
somnolence
Inability to recognize spatial relations.
spatial agnosia
Expression of a revelatory message through unintelligible words; not considered a disorder of thought if associated with practices of specific Pentecostal religions. See also glossolalia.
speaking in tongues
Continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical activities; observed in catatonic schizophrenia
stereotypy
(1) State of decreased reactivity to stimuli and less than full awareness of one's surroundings; as a disturbance of consciousness, it indicates a condition of partial coma or semicoma. (2) In psychiatry, used synonymously with mutism and does not necessarily imply a disturbance of consciousness; in catatonic stupor, patients are ordinarily aware of their surroundings.
stupor
Frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency.
stuttering
Unconscious defense mechanism in which the energy associated with unacceptable impulses or drives is diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; unlike other defense mechanisms, it offers some minimal gratification of the instinctual drive or impulse.
sublimation
Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person replaces an unacceptable wish, drive, emotion, or goal with one that is more acceptable.
substitution
State of uncritical compliance with influence or of uncritical acceptance of an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly observed among persons with hysterical traits.
suggestibility
Thoughts or act of taking one's own life.
suicidal ideation
Conscious act of controlling and inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, or idea; differentiated from repression in that repression is an unconscious process.
suppression
Unconscious defense mechanism in which one idea or object comes to stand for another because of some common aspect or quality in both; based on similarity and association; the symbols formed protect the person from the anxiety that may be attached to the original idea or object.
symbolization
Condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality is perceived as sensation in a different modality, as when a sound produces a sensation of color.
synesthesia
Aphasia characterized by difficulty in understanding spoken speech; associated with gross disorder of thought and expression.
syntactical aphasia
Group of elaborate delusions related to a single event or theme.
systematized delusion
Hallucination primarily involving the sense of touch. Also called haptic hallucination.
tactile hallucination
Oblique, digressive, or even irrelevant manner of speech in which the central idea is not communicated.
tangentiality
Physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, or pressure toward action; an unpleasurable alteration in mental or physical state that seeks relief through action.
tension
Early morning awakening or waking up at least 2 hours before planning to wake up. Compare with initial insomnia and middle insomnia.
terminal insomnia
Feeling that one's thoughts are being broadcast or projected into the environment. See also thought withdrawal.
thought broadcasting
Any disturbance of thinking that affects language, communication, or thought content; the hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Manifestations range from simple blocking and mild circumstantiality to profound loosening of associations, incoherence, and delusions; characterized by a failure to follow semantic and syntactic rules that is inconsistent with the person's education, intelligence, or cultural background.
thought disorder
Delusion that thoughts are being implanted in one's mind by other people or forces.
thought insertion
The period of time between a thought and its verbal expression. Increased in schizophrenia (see blocking) and decreased in mania (see pressured speech).
thought latency
Delusion that one's thoughts are being removed from one's mind by other people or forces. See also thought broadcasting.
thought withdrawal
Predominantly psychogenic disorders characterized by involuntary, spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small groups of muscles; seen most predominantly in moments of stress or anxiety, rarely as a result of organic disease.
tic disorders
Noises in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing, or clicking; an adverse effect of some
tinnitus
Convulsion in which the muscle contraction is sustained.
tonic convulsion
Perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic drugs in which moving objects are seen as a series of discrete and discontinuous images.
trailing phenomenon
Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness and activity.
trance
Rhythmical alteration in movement, which is usually faster than one beat a second; typically, tremors decrease during periods of relaxation and sleep and increase during periods of anger and increased tension.
tremor
Understanding of the objective reality of a situation coupled with the motivational and emotional impetus to master the situation or change behavior.
true insight
Disturbed consciousness with hallucinations.
twilight state
Sign present in autistic children who continually rotate in the direction in which their head is turned.
twirling
(1) One of three divisions of Freud's topographic theory of the mind (the others being the conscious and the preconscious) in which the psychic material is not readily accessible to conscious awareness by ordinary means; its existence may be manifest in symptom formation, in dreams, or under the influence of drugs. (2) In popular (but more ambiguous) usage, any mental material not in the immediate field of awareness. (3) Denoting a state of unawareness, with lack of response to external stimuli, as in a coma.
unconscious
Unconscious primitive defense mechanism, repetitive in nature, by which a person symbolically acts out in reverse something unacceptable that has already been done or against which the ego must defend itself; a form of magical expiatory action, commonly observed in OCD.
undoing
Feeling of mystic unity with an infinite power.
unio mystica
In depression, denoting characteristic symptoms such as sleep disturbance (especially early morning awakening), decreased appetite, constipation, weight loss, and loss of sexual response.
vegetative signs
Meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases, as seen in schizophrenia. Also called cataphasia. See also perseveration.
verbigeration
Sensation that one or the world around one is spinning or revolving; a hallmark of vestibular dysfunction, not to be confused with dizziness.
vertigo
Inability to recognize objects or persons.
visual agnosia
See neurological amnesia.
visual amnesia
Hallucination primarily involving the sense of sight.
visual hallucination
Condition in which a person maintains the body position into which they are placed. Also called catalepsy.
waxy flexibility
Use of conventional words in an unconventional or inappropriate way (metonymy or of new words that are developed by conventional rules of word formation) (e.g., handshoes for gloves and time measure for clock); distinguished from a neologism, which is a new word whose derivation cannot be understood. See also paraphasia.
word approximation
Incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of words and phrases commonly seen in far-advanced cases of schizophrenia. See also incoherence.
word salad
Abnormal fear of strangers.
xenophobia
Abnormal fear of animals.
zoophobia