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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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observational case studies
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case-control
cohort cross-sectional study |
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retrospective study
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case-control
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prospective study
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cohort
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odds of having disease in exposed group/ odds of having disease in unexposed group
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odds ratio
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percentage with disease of exposed group/ percentage with disease of unexposed group
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relative risk
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compare of group of people with disease to a group without
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case-control study
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compare a group with a given risk factor to a group without, to assess whether the risk factor increases the likelihood of disease
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cohort study
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"pt. with COPD had a higher odds of a history of smoking than those without COPD"
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odds ratio
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"smokers had a higher risk of developing COPD than did nonsmokers"
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relative risk
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measures disease prevalence
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cross-sectional study
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collect data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and RR factors) at a particular point in time
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cross-sectional study
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total cases in population at a given time/ total population at risk
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prevalence
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study that measures heritability
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twin concordance study
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study that measures heritability and influence of environmental factors
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adoption study
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experimental study that compares the therapeutic benefits of 2 or more treatments, or treatment and placebo
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clinical trial
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phase of clinical trial with a small # of patients, uuually volunteers
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phase I
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assess safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics
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phase I
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study sample with small number of patients with disease of interest
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phase II
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assess treatment efficacy, optimal dose, and adverse effects
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phase II
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study sample is a large number of patients randomly assigned to either tx under investigation or best available treatment
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phase III
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compares new tx to current standard of care
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phase III
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pools evidence from several studies to achieve greater statistical power
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meta-analysis
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new cases in population over a given period of time/total population at risk during that time
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incidence
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prevalance > incidence
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chronic disease -
w/ incidence, people previously positive for a disease are no longer considered at risk |
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prevelance = incidence
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acute disease
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high value desirable to rule out disease
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sensitivity
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percent of people with disease who test positive
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sensitivity
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a/ (a+c) or
1 - (false negatives) |
sensitivity
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desirable for ruling out disease
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high sensitivity value and low false-negative rate
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percentage of people without disease who test negative
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specificity
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desirable in ruling in disease
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high specificity -
low false positive |
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1 - % false positives
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specificity
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% of positive test results that are true-positive
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PPV - positive predictive value
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% of negative test results that are true-negative
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NPV - negative predictive value
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probability that person actually has the disease given a poitive test result
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PPV
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probability that person actually is disease free given a negative test result
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NPV
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X AXIS on evaluation of diagnostic test
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test results
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always y axis on 2X2
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disease
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X axis on odds ratio vs. relative risk
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risk factor
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odcds of having disease in exposed group/ odds of having disease in unexposed group
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odds ratio for case control study
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approximates relative risk if prevalence of disease is not too high
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odds ratio for case control study
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difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups
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attributable risk
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% of disease occurrences that are a result of the exposure
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attributable risk
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consistency and reproducibility of a test
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precision
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absence of random variation of a test
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precision
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trueness of test measurements
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accuracy
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= validity of a test
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accuracy
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reduced precision in a test
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random error
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reduced accuracy in a test
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systemic error
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