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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behavior
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Anything a person says or does
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Explain the difference between a behavior and a product of a behavior.
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Behavior--is anything you say or do.
Product of a behavior--The result of a behavior (ex: Getting an A in class is a product of studying). |
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Overt behavior
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Behavior that is visible
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Covert behavior
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Behavior that is private, internal
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Cognitive behaviors
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AKA covert behaviors
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Duration
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Length of time a behavior lasts
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Frequency
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Number of times a behavior occurs
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Intensity
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Physical effort or energy involved in emitting the behavior
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Behavioral deficit
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Too little of a behavior
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Behavioral excess
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Too much of a behavior
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Stimuli
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The people, objects, and events currently present in one's immediate surroundings
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Behavior modification
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The systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their daily functioning
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Target behaviors
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Behaviors to be improved
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Behavioral assessment
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the collection and analysis of information and data in order to
1) identify and describe target behaviors 2) Identify possible causes of the behavior 3) Guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment 4) Evaluate treatment outcome |
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Behavior analysis
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The scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals
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What is the difference between behavior modification and applied behavior analysis?
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Behavior modification-uses operant and classical conditioning
Applied behavior analysis-mainly operant conditioning only |
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5 areas in which behavior modification is being applied
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Education
Clinical psychology Medicine Business Industry Sports |
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4 behaviors of children that have been improved by the application of behavior modification by parents
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Walk
Language Toilet training Household chores |
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What is PSI?
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Personalized System of Instruction
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Who was the founder of PSI?
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Fred S. Keller
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4 behaviors in persons with ID that have been modified by behavior. mod
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Toileting
Social skills Communication Vocational skills |
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3 behaviors in persons with autism that have been modified by behavior mod.
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Social behaviors
Self-stim Language development |
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4 behaviors in persons with schizophrenia that have been modified by behavior mod.
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Positive social interactions
Communication skills Assertiveness skills Job-finding skills |
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What is currently the preferred term for the disability historically referred to as mental retardation?
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Intellectual Disability
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What is health psychology?
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Considers how psychological factors can influence or cause illness and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior to prevent health problems
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5 areas of application within health psychology
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Direct treatment of medical problems
Establishing treatment compliance Promotion of healthy living Management of caregivers Stress management |
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4 behaviors of elderly persons that have been improved with behavior modification
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New routines for daily living
Anxiety and fear Disruptive behaviors Forming of new relationships with professional care stuff |
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What is behavioral community psychology?
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Applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense
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What is organizational behavior management?
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Application of behavioral principles and methods to the study and control of individual or group behavior within organizational settings
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4 general areas of sports psychology in which behavior mod has been applied
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Techniques for improving skills of athletes
Strategies for motivating practice and endurance training Changing the behavior of coaches "Sports Psyching" to prepare for competition |
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Positive reinforcer
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A stimulus, that when presented, increases behavior
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Positive reinforcement
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The presentation of a stimulus increases the probability of a behavior
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Operant behaviors
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Behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences
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What is a baseline?
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Observation phase before intervention
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Negative reinforcement
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Removal of a stimulus will increase behavior (escape conditioning)
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Motivating operations
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Events or conditions that:
a) temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer b) alter the frequency of behavior reinforced by that reinforcer |
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Direct effect of a positive reinforcer
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The increased frequency of a response because it was immediately followed by a reinforcer
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Indirect effect a positive reinforcer
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The strengthening of a response even though the reinforcer is delayed
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Unconditioned reinforcers
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Stimuli that are reinforcing without prior learning or conditioning
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Conditioned reinforcers
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Stimuli that were not originally reinforcing but have become reinforcers by being paired or associated with other reinforcers
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Tokens
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Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers
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Token economy
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A behavior modification program in which individuals can earn tokens for specific behaviors and can cash in their tokens for backup reinforcers
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What are the two types of extinction?
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Operant and respondent
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Extinction
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No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior
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Why is it necessary to consider the setting as a factor influencing your extinction program?
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It may not be appropriate to implement extinction in certain settings like public places given the extinction burst and possible aggression.
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Spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a rest
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Schedule of reinforcement
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A rule that tells when reinforcement will be available
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Antecedent stimuli
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The stimuli that exist just prior to the occurrence of the behavior
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Any situation in which behavior occurs can be analyzed in terms of what three sets of events?
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Antecedent
Behavior Consequence |
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When a particular behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus but not others, what does this mean?
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The behavior is under the control of that stimulus.
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Good/effective stimulus control
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When a particular stimulus occurs, the response is likely to follow.
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Discriminative stimulus (SD)
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A stimulus that tells that a reinforcer is available
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What is the difference between stimulus and discriminative stimulus?
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Stimulus--any thing in the immediate environment
SD--A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced. |
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Name the different types of prompts
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Physical
Gestural Modeling Verbal Environmental |
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What are environmental prompts?
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Alterations to the physical environment in a manner that will evoke the desired behavior
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What is the difference between shaping and fading?
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Fading--gradual change of a stimulus while the response stays about the same
Shaping--gradual change of a response while the stimulus stays about the same |
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What are the 4 parts of the scientific model?
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Observation
Measurement Prediction Control |
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What is inter observer reliability used for?
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To make sure that people are observing the same thing/the same behavior
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What is the difference between operant conditioning and behavior modification/behavior analysis?
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Operant conditioning:
In the lab Easy reinforcer (food) No need for inter observer reliability Immediate reinforcement Can control for genetic No need for rapidity of effects Behavior modification/analysis: Difficulty finding a reinforcer Arbitrary responses Difficulty in measurement Need for observer reliability Individual differences in people Not as great precision and control Rapidity of effects are needed to show treatment is working. |
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Advantages of token economy
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1) Bears quantifiable relationship to back up reinforcers (1=5 candies)
2) Portable 3) Can be used to operate automatic devices (vending machines that give tokens) 4) Indestructible 5) Standardized 6) Made unique for the individual 7) No max number that can be possessed |
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What is one key thing in using response cost in a token economy?
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Never take away more than 50% of what a person has earned.
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What is the difference in the immediacy of reinforcement of high IQ people vs low IQ people?
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Low IQ--reinforcers must be immediate
High IQ--Delays in reinforcement are okay |
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Rules for using tokens
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1) Describe the behavior in behavioral terms
2) Act immediately upon behavior 3) Many variations (back up reinforcers) 4) Use bridging stimulus 5) Deliver tokens often 6) Schedule activities at different times 7) Specify place and time for responses 8) Use different people to implement token economy |
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What maintains toileting?
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Negative reinforcement
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What skills must kids posses before toilet training can begin?
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1) Kids must be under instructional control.
2) Kids must be able to walk. 3) Kids must have physical manual dexterity to lower pants |
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What do you do when a child you are toilet training has an accident?
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Verbal disapproval--NO!
Positive practice of self-toileting Child puts wets pants in laundry basket |
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According the Parents and Children video, what are 3 ways that kids learn?
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1) Imitation
2) What parents tell them 3) Through consequences |
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What are 3 things that are associated with extinction?
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Extinction burst
Spontaneous recovery Extinction-induced aggression |