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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Behavior
Anything a person says or does
Explain the difference between a behavior and a product of a behavior.
Behavior--is anything you say or do.

Product of a behavior--The result of a behavior (ex: Getting an A in class is a product of studying).
Overt behavior
Behavior that is visible
Covert behavior
Behavior that is private, internal
Cognitive behaviors
AKA covert behaviors
Duration
Length of time a behavior lasts
Frequency
Number of times a behavior occurs
Intensity
Physical effort or energy involved in emitting the behavior
Behavioral deficit
Too little of a behavior
Behavioral excess
Too much of a behavior
Stimuli
The people, objects, and events currently present in one's immediate surroundings
Behavior modification
The systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their daily functioning
Target behaviors
Behaviors to be improved
Behavioral assessment
the collection and analysis of information and data in order to
1) identify and describe target behaviors

2) Identify possible causes of the behavior

3) Guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment

4) Evaluate treatment outcome
Behavior analysis
The scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals
What is the difference between behavior modification and applied behavior analysis?
Behavior modification-uses operant and classical conditioning

Applied behavior analysis-mainly operant conditioning only
5 areas in which behavior modification is being applied
Education
Clinical psychology
Medicine
Business
Industry
Sports
4 behaviors of children that have been improved by the application of behavior modification by parents
Walk
Language
Toilet training
Household chores
What is PSI?
Personalized System of Instruction
Who was the founder of PSI?
Fred S. Keller
4 behaviors in persons with ID that have been modified by behavior. mod
Toileting
Social skills
Communication
Vocational skills
3 behaviors in persons with autism that have been modified by behavior mod.
Social behaviors
Self-stim
Language development
4 behaviors in persons with schizophrenia that have been modified by behavior mod.
Positive social interactions
Communication skills
Assertiveness skills
Job-finding skills
What is currently the preferred term for the disability historically referred to as mental retardation?
Intellectual Disability
What is health psychology?
Considers how psychological factors can influence or cause illness and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior to prevent health problems
5 areas of application within health psychology
Direct treatment of medical problems

Establishing treatment compliance

Promotion of healthy living

Management of caregivers

Stress management
4 behaviors of elderly persons that have been improved with behavior modification
New routines for daily living

Anxiety and fear

Disruptive behaviors

Forming of new relationships with professional care stuff
What is behavioral community psychology?
Applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense
What is organizational behavior management?
Application of behavioral principles and methods to the study and control of individual or group behavior within organizational settings
4 general areas of sports psychology in which behavior mod has been applied
Techniques for improving skills of athletes

Strategies for motivating practice and endurance training

Changing the behavior of coaches

"Sports Psyching" to prepare for competition
Positive reinforcer
A stimulus, that when presented, increases behavior
Positive reinforcement
The presentation of a stimulus increases the probability of a behavior
Operant behaviors
Behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences
What is a baseline?
Observation phase before intervention
Negative reinforcement
Removal of a stimulus will increase behavior (escape conditioning)
Motivating operations
Events or conditions that:

a) temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer

b) alter the frequency of behavior reinforced by that reinforcer
Direct effect of a positive reinforcer
The increased frequency of a response because it was immediately followed by a reinforcer
Indirect effect a positive reinforcer
The strengthening of a response even though the reinforcer is delayed
Unconditioned reinforcers
Stimuli that are reinforcing without prior learning or conditioning
Conditioned reinforcers
Stimuli that were not originally reinforcing but have become reinforcers by being paired or associated with other reinforcers
Tokens
Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers
Token economy
A behavior modification program in which individuals can earn tokens for specific behaviors and can cash in their tokens for backup reinforcers
What are the two types of extinction?
Operant and respondent
Extinction
No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior
Why is it necessary to consider the setting as a factor influencing your extinction program?
It may not be appropriate to implement extinction in certain settings like public places given the extinction burst and possible aggression.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a rest
Schedule of reinforcement
A rule that tells when reinforcement will be available
Antecedent stimuli
The stimuli that exist just prior to the occurrence of the behavior
Any situation in which behavior occurs can be analyzed in terms of what three sets of events?
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
When a particular behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus but not others, what does this mean?
The behavior is under the control of that stimulus.
Good/effective stimulus control
When a particular stimulus occurs, the response is likely to follow.
Discriminative stimulus (SD)
A stimulus that tells that a reinforcer is available
What is the difference between stimulus and discriminative stimulus?
Stimulus--any thing in the immediate environment

SD--A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced.
Name the different types of prompts
Physical
Gestural
Modeling
Verbal
Environmental
What are environmental prompts?
Alterations to the physical environment in a manner that will evoke the desired behavior
What is the difference between shaping and fading?
Fading--gradual change of a stimulus while the response stays about the same

Shaping--gradual change of a response while the stimulus stays about the same
What are the 4 parts of the scientific model?
Observation
Measurement
Prediction
Control
What is inter observer reliability used for?
To make sure that people are observing the same thing/the same behavior
What is the difference between operant conditioning and behavior modification/behavior analysis?
Operant conditioning:
In the lab
Easy reinforcer (food)
No need for inter observer reliability
Immediate reinforcement
Can control for genetic
No need for rapidity of effects

Behavior modification/analysis:
Difficulty finding a reinforcer
Arbitrary responses
Difficulty in measurement
Need for observer reliability
Individual differences in people
Not as great precision and control
Rapidity of effects are needed to show treatment is working.
Advantages of token economy
1) Bears quantifiable relationship to back up reinforcers (1=5 candies)

2) Portable

3) Can be used to operate automatic devices (vending machines that give tokens)

4) Indestructible

5) Standardized

6) Made unique for the individual

7) No max number that can be possessed
What is one key thing in using response cost in a token economy?
Never take away more than 50% of what a person has earned.
What is the difference in the immediacy of reinforcement of high IQ people vs low IQ people?
Low IQ--reinforcers must be immediate

High IQ--Delays in reinforcement are okay
Rules for using tokens
1) Describe the behavior in behavioral terms

2) Act immediately upon behavior

3) Many variations (back up reinforcers)

4) Use bridging stimulus

5) Deliver tokens often

6) Schedule activities at different times

7) Specify place and time for responses

8) Use different people to implement token economy
What maintains toileting?
Negative reinforcement
What skills must kids posses before toilet training can begin?
1) Kids must be under instructional control.

2) Kids must be able to walk.

3) Kids must have physical manual dexterity to lower pants
What do you do when a child you are toilet training has an accident?
Verbal disapproval--NO!
Positive practice of self-toileting
Child puts wets pants in laundry basket
According the Parents and Children video, what are 3 ways that kids learn?
1) Imitation
2) What parents tell them
3) Through consequences
What are 3 things that are associated with extinction?
Extinction burst
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction-induced aggression