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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Topography
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Specific movements involved in making a response
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Frequency
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Number of instances of a behavior that occurs in a given period of time
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Frequency graph
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Each data point represents the total number of responses emitted.
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Cumulative graph
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Each response during a session is cumulated or added to the total responses of all previous sessions.
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On a cumulative graph, what does the slope of the line indicate?
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Rate of response
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In a cumulative graph, what does a steep line indicate?
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High rate of responding
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In a cumulative graph, what does a flat line indicate?
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Zero rate of responding
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When is a cumulative graph better than a frequency graph?
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When comparing two or more behaviors or conditions and when the differences are small.
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Relative duration
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Length of time that a behavior occurs within some period
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Name 2 common measures of the overall amount of a given behavior.
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Frequency and duration
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Describe 3 ways to keep track of the number of times a certain response occurs during a day.
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Golf counter
Calculator (+1) Hand-help computers |
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In a cumulative graph, what does a low slope indicate?
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Low rate of responding
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What 2 characteristics do behaviors recorded in terms of frequency usually show?
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Successive occurrences are relatively brief.
Amount that it takes to perform the behavior is about the same from one occasion to the next. |
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Stimulus control
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Degree of correlation between a stimulus and a response
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Latency
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Time between the occurrence of a stimulus and the beginning of the desired behavior
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Quality of a response
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An arbitrary designation of one or more characteristics of behavior that has some functional or social value
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What is another word for the intensity of a response?
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Magnitude
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Name the 6 levels that the ABLA assesses.
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Imitation
Position discrimination Visual discrimination Visual match-to-sample Auditory discrimination Auditory-visual combine discrimination |
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Continuous recording
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Recording every instance of a behavior during a designated observation period
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Interval recording
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Logs the behavior as either occurring or not occurring during short intervals of equal duration during a specified observation period
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Partial-interval recording
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Records simply whether or not the target behavior occurred during each interval
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Whole-interval recording
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Records whether or not the target behavior occurred during the entire interval
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Time-sampling recording
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Scores a behavior as occurring or not occurring during very brief observation intervals that are separated from each other by a much longer period of time
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Momentary time sampling
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A behavior is recorded as occurring or not occurring at specific points in time, such as every hour on the hour rather than during specific brief intervals
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Combined interval time sampling
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Small intervals of equal length within an observation period; Record behavior only during some portion of the intervals (e.g., every 4 seconds)
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When would one likely select a continuous recording system?
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When successive responses are quite similar in duration
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5 sources of error than can affect the accuracy of observations
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1) Response definition might be vague, subjective, or incomplete, so that the observer has problems in making accurate observations
2) Observational situation might be such that an observer has difficulty detecting the behavior because of distractions or other obstructions to the observing process or because the behavior is too subtle or complext to be observed accurately in that situation. 3) The observer might be poorly trained, unmotivated, or biased. 4) Poorly designed data sheets 5) Cumbersome recording procedures |
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Interobserver reliability (IOR)
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Two independent observers record observations of the same behavior of the same individual during a given session. IOR tells how closely do their scores compare
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Common IOR procedures
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1) Count two totals and divide the smaller by the larger number and multiply by 100
2) Divide the number of intervals on which the two observers agree that the behavior occurred by the total number of intervals on which either recorded a behavior (agreements/agreements + disagreements) x 100 |
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What is the acceptable IOR score range?
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80-100%
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Dependent variable
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Measure of behavior
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Independent variable (IV)
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Treatment/Intervention
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Internal validity
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IV causes the observed change in the DV
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External validity
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Findings can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments.
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Reversal-replication design
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Baseline--Treatment--Baseline--Treatment
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What's another word for reversal-replication design?
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Withdrawal design
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How long should the baseline phase continue between treatment implementation?
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Until the pattern of performance is stable or until it shows a trend in the direction opposite to that predicted when the IV is introduced
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4 minimal components of a behavior modification program
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Screening
Assessment Treatment Follow-up |
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What scientific, practical, and ethical considerations might lead someone to lengthen or shorten a baseline?
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Scientific considerations--how new or old are the IV and DV?
Practical considerations--experimenters' available, time, observer reliability, student's restrictions for completing projects on time, etc.. Ethical considerations--ex. SIB |
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2 Limitations of reversal design
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1) It might be undesirable to reverse to baseline following a treatment phase.
2) It might be impossible to obtain a reversal due to behavioral trapping (undoing the treatment) |
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Multiple baseline across behaviors design
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Establishes baselines for two or more of an individual's behaviors followed by introducing the treatment sequentially across those two behaviors
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Multiple baseline across situations design
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Establishing baselines for a behavior of an individual across 2 or more situations concurrently followed by the intro of the treatment to the behavior sequentially across those situations
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Multiple baseline across people design
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Establishing baselines for a behavior across 2 or more people concurrently followed by the intro of the treatment to the behavior sequentially to each person
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What are 3 potential limitations of Multiple baseline across behaviors design
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1) Behaviors may not be independent.
2) It might be impossible to find two or more suitable behaviors or sufficient observers to gather the necessary data on several behaviors. 3) If the procedure is used with only 1 individual, we can conclude only that the treatment was internally valid with that individual, but cannot be generalized to other individuals. |
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What are 4 potential limitations of Multiple baseline across situations design
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1) When the treatment is applied to the behavior in the first situation, it might case subsequent improvement in all situations.
2) The behavior might occur only in one situation. 3) There may not be sufficient observers to gather the necessary data. 4) If the procedure is used with only once individual, we can conclude only that the treatment is effective with that individual, but cannot be generalized to other individuals. |
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2 potential limitations with Multiple baseline across people design
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1) The first individual might explain the treatment or model the desirable behavior to the other individuals, causing them ot improve in the absence of treatment.
2) It is not always possible to find either two or more individuals with the same problem with whom to do the baseline or the additional observers necessary to gather the data. |
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Changing criterion design
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The control that a treatment exerts on an individual's behavior is evaluated by introducing successive changes in the behavioral criterion for application of the treatment.
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Alternating treatments design
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Involves alternating two or more treatment conditions to assess their effects on a single behavior of a single individual
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Potential problem with the Alternating treatments design
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The treatments might interact-one of the treatments might produce an effect because of either contrast to other treatments or stimulus generalization across treatments.
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Explain the scientific and practical criteria for evaluating the effects of a particular treatment.
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Scientific--Guidelines a researcher uses to evaluate whether there has been a convincing demonstration that the treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable.
Practical criteria--how has the bx change improved the individual's quality of life |
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7 criteria that would give you maximum confidence that the treatment in an ABAB design had produced effect on the dependent variable
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Greater replication
Fewer overlapping points between baseline and treatment sooner the effect is observed following intro of treatment Larger effect in comparison to baseline More precisely the treatment procedures are specfied More reliable the response measures More consistent the findings with existing data and accepted behavioral theory |
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3 levels of social validation
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1) Extent to which the target behaviors are really the most important ones for the client and society
2)Acceptability to the client of the particular procedures used, especially when alternative procedures can accomplish approximately the same results. 3) Satisfaction of the consumes (clients/caregivers) with the results. |
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Why is social validation important?
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Helps to ensure that behavior modifiers do the best job they can in helping individuals function fully in society.
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Functional assessment
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A variety of procedures for attempting to identify antecedents and consequences for problem behaviors
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Questionnaire assessment
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Questionnaire that asks a series of relevant questions that people familiar with the client are asked
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Observational assessment
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Observational assessor carefully observes and describes the antecedents and immediate consequences of the problem behavior in its natural setting
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Functional analysis
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Systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role as antecedents or as consequences in controlling and maintaining specific problem behaviors
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A functional assessment of the causes of a problem behavior involves asking what 2 questions?
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1) What are the antecedents, eliciting stimulu, or MOs of the behavior?
2) What are the immediate consequences of the behavior? |
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3 ways of discovering controlling variables of problem behaviors
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Questionnaire assessment
Observational assessment Functional analysis |
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3 limitations of functional analyses
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1) Many behavior problems occur at frequencies of less than one per day--lots of time needed to collect sufficient data to draw valid conclusions
2) Cannot be applied to extremely dangerous behaviors such as suicide threats 3) Expense and personnel requirements may be prohibitive |
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What are 3 indicators that a problem behavior is probably maintained by social attention that follows it?
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1) Whether attention reliably follows the behavior
2) Whether the individual looks at or approaches a caregiver just before engaging in the behavior 3) Whether the individual smiles just before engaging in the behavior |
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What is an indicator that a problem behavior is being maintained by self-stimulatory reinforcement?
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It continues unabated at a steady rate although it has no apparent effect on other individuals or the external environment.
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What is an indicator that a problem behavior is being maintained by nonsocial external sensory stimulation?
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Whether the individual continues the behavior undiminished even though it appears to have no social consequences over numerous occasions.
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What is an indicator that a problem behavior is being maintained by social R- ?
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Individual engages in the behavior only when certain types of request are made
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What are 2 main indicators that a problem behavior is a respondent behavior that is elicited by prior stimuli?
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1) Behavior consistently occurs in a certain situation or in the presence of certain stimuli and it is never followed by an by clearly identified reinforcing consequence.
2) Behavior seems to be involuntary. |
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How does a behavior modifier evaluate the importance of a problem?
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Ask 2 questions:
1) Will solving the problem lead to less aversiveness or more positive reinforcement for the client or others? 2) Will solving the problem be likely to give rise directly or indirectly to other desirable behaviors? If No to both questions, reconsider... |
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What does a behavior modifier do when given a vague problem to work on?
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Specify a component behavior or behaviors that 1) define the problem, and 2) can be measured or assessed objectively.
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How does a behavior modifier evaluate the ease with which a problem might be solved?
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If the problem is to decrease an undesirable behavior, has the behavior been occurring for a short time, under narrow stimulus control, and with no intermittent reinforcement? Yes, then the problem is likely easier to solve.
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How does a behavior modifier evaluate the ease with which a desired behavior might be generalized to and maintained in the natural environment?
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Consider how training setting can be faded into the natural environment.
Consider whether the natural environment has contingencies that will maintain the improved behavior, whether you can influence people in the natural environment to help maintained the improved behavior, and whether the client can learn a self-control problem that will help the improved behavior persist. |
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What 5 variables should an appropriate baseline procedure enable you to monitor or identify?
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1)Problem behavior
2) Stimulus control 3) Maintaining consequences 4) Relevant medical/health/personal variables 5) Alternative desirable behavior. |
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6 questions that a behavior modifier should answer during pretreatment assessment phase
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1) What daily times can the mediator(s) schedule for this project?
2) Will others in the situation hep or hinder data collection? 3) Will the surroundings make your assessment difficult? 4) How frequent is the problem behavior? 5) How rapidly should the behavior change? 6) Is the presenting problem a behavioral deficit or can it be reformulated as such? |
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Behavioral contract
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Written agreement that provides a clear statement of what behaviors of what individuals will produce what reinforcers and who will deliver the reinforcers.
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Treatment contract
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Written agreement between the client and the behavior modifier that clearly outines the objectives and methods of treatment, frawork of the service to be provided, and the contigencies for remuneration that may be forthcoming to the behavior modifier
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Token Economy
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Behavioral program in which individuals can earn tokens for a variety of desirable behaviors and can exchange the earned tokens for backup reinforcers
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2 major advantages to using tokens are reinforcers
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1) Tokens can be given immediately and thus bridge the gap between the behavior and the actual reinforcer.
2) Are generalized reinforcers and thus do not depend on a specific motivating operation for their strength |
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6 initial steps in setting up a token economy
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1) Decide on target behaviors
2) Take Baseline 3) Select backup reinforcers 4) Select type of tokens to use 5) Identify available help 6) Choose locations |
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6 characteristics tokens should have
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Portable
Attractive Lightweight Durable Easy to handle Not easily counterfeited |
PAL DEN
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3 sources of potential volunteer help in managing a token economy
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1) People already assigned to work with the individuals of concern
2) Volunteers 3) Behaviorally advances individuals in the institution |
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Before and during the implementation of a token economy, what 7 specific procedures must be decided on and implemented?
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Keeping data
Reinforcing agent Number or frequency of tokens to pay Managing backup reinforcers Possible response-cost punishment contingencies Monitoring and training staff or helpers Handling potential problems |
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How many tokens should you have per child?
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25-75 on first day.. thinned to 15-30 each day
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How often should store time be held in a token economy with school children?
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1 or 2 times per day initially for the first 3 or 4 days, then decrease to only once a week
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3 problems that are likely to occur during the initial days of a token economy
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1) Confusion
2) Staff or helper shortages 3) Attempts by individuals to get tokens they haven't hearned or backup reinforcers for which they do not have enough tokens |
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2 general methods of weaning individuals from tokens when transferring behavior to the natural environment
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1) Eliminate tokens gradually.
2) Decrease value of tokens gradually. |
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What is one precaution to help ensure high ethical standards for a token economy?
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Make the system completely open to public scrutiny, is approved
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Behavior model of self-control
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Self control occurs when an individual behaviors in some ways that arranges the environment to manage his or her own subsequent behavior
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Commitment to change
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Your statemetns or actions that indivate that it is improtnt to change your behavior, that your recognize the benefits of doing so, and that you will work toward doing so.
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5 steps that you could take to strengthen and maintain your commitment to a program of self-control
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1) List all benefits of changing your behavior.
2) Make your commitment to change public. 3) Rearrange your environment to provide frequent reminders of commitment and goal. 4) Invest considerable time and energy in initially planning your project. 5) Plan head for various ways to deal with temptations. |
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Mastery criteria
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Performance requirements for practicing the skill so that if criteria are met, behavior has been learned
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Relapse
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Going back to the unwanted behavior at approximately baseline levels
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Ethically, what gets people/agencies into trouble?
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Arrogance
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What can you do to avoid getting into trouble?
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Have someone you can trust; they should be able to give you negative feedback
Never tell anyone "you need to..." say "you should think about...." |
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How can you protect yourself in a court of law?
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Write down concerns.
Mail to self (certified) Save for court of law Establishes time and date |
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Describe the process of deposition
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Under oath
Attorney questions you Anything you bring on table is game You should get all terms defined during questioning |
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Law is all about ________.
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Discovery.
Both sides want to discover what the other side knows. |
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How not to get sued:
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Always think, "how will this look in court?"
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Working knowledge
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What you know off the top of your head
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Book knowledge
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You know where to find the answers
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Systems theory
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All systems have common characteristics:
Closed systems die (Information must always be coming in) Older the system, the more resistant it is to change You can't change a system from within |
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Explain Geitzguet vs Great Person
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Geitzguet--it was all there, person comes along and claims it
Great person--really great person discovered it |
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Explain the integration of biomedical/psychosocial interventions
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Medical influence
Psychiatric Psychosocial Social environment |
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Explain the steps for treatment in biomedical/psychosocial intervention
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Develop staging plan
Develop data monitoring plan Implement program Modify as data indicate |
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In coping skills training, if the desired coping skills are not in the bx repertoire, what can you conclude?
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Coping skill deficit
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In coping skills training, if the skills to self manage the coping response are not in the bx repertoire, what can you conclude?
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Self-management deficit
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If the person is not motivated to engage in the desired coping skill, what can you conclude?
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Performance deficit
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In coping skills training, if there is a performance deficit, but an inadequate incentive system, what do you do?
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Identify inadequate features of the incentive system and modify these.
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In coping skills training, if there is a performance deficit, but excessive emotional arousal, what do you do?
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Identify specific cues for negative emotional arousal, and teach alternative coping responses.
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In coping skills training, if there is a performance deficit, along with competitive behaviors, what do you do?
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Identify controlling, discriminative, and reinforcing conditions.
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If behaviors are due to a skill deficit, what do you do?
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Teach the skill.
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If behaviors are due to a performance deficit, what do you do?
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Motivate.
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What questions should you ask when teaching skill deficits?
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Has the behavior been performed in the past?
Is the skill used often? What practice can be provided? Feedback |
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What questions should you ask when motivating?
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Is performing the skill punishing?
Is non-performance rewarding? Any obstacles? Does performing the skill really matter? |
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Who came up with Rational Emotive Therapy?
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Ellis
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Who came up with Cognitive Therapy?
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Beck
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What is ACT based on?
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Relational Frame Theory
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What technique is used for impulsive behavior?
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Self-instruction training
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What is the difference between ACT and CBT?
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Homework assignments differ
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According to Rational Emotive Therapy, why do problems arise?
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Because of irrational beliefs
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Explain the steps in RET
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1) Identify the problem.
2) Assess thoughts and feelings. 3) Apply new behaviors to those issues (feelings) and observe the outcome --replacement bxs |
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What is RET mostly applied to?
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Anxiety and depression
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Key things in staff training for token economies
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Cooperative bxs
Don't be a perfectionist Be relaxed about admitting when you don't know something. Ask for feedback. Nothing can replace enthusiasm and energy. |
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In token economies, when assigning data recording for staff, what is the man-for-man technique?
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1 staff responsible for 1 child
In homes, 1 parent responsible for certain set of bxs Can be done by assigning response classes as well |
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In token economies, when assigning data recording for staff, what is the zone coverage technique?
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Student enters an area; a person covers that entire area
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1 person/1 project rule for token economy
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1 person/parent responsible for 1 certain set of bxs
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Time and place rule for token economy
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A certain activity should be done at certain times.
This ensures that the activity will be done. Puts you on a schedule Great for substitutes Great for teachers |
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Public posting
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Publicly posted data can by seen by everyone.
People can record and graph their own data. |
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What is the best way to teach R+?
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Teach it like teaching driving---practice over and over so that it becomes as automatic as typing or driving
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What is the greatest R+ you can give to staff/parents?
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Time away from kid
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Explain Performance Management
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Performance at workplace is learned.
Pinpoint specific bxs to change. Learning hx is important. Have clear expectations of specific bxs Supervisor presence affects performance. Current contingencies of R+ play a major role in employee performance. Feedback of performance is important. Bx drift is to be expected. Compensation method is crucial. If they are paid for quantity, they'll produce quantity not quality. |
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Group contingencies
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Bx of group determines the consequences for the group.
More likely to by punitive than positive. |
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What are the ABC components of RET?
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A--Activating event
B--Belief system (usually irrational) C--Consequence (emotional reaction and bx consequences) |
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In Behavioral Couple Therapy, what are the steps?
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1) Decision (Why did they come?)
2) Identify goals (look for differences and similarities in goals) 3) Issues (Marital issues couple want to work on) 4) Interaction observed 5) Play-by-play review 6) Contract |
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What is the correlation of nicotine and tarr in a cig?
What kills you? |
0.96
Tarr |
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What are the 6 general categories of social skills?
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Compliments
Social interaction Politeness Criticism Social confrontation |
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Explain the classic problem solving model by D'Zurrila and Goldfried (1971)
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1) Identify the problem.
2) General possible solutions. 3) Pros and cons of each solution 4) Pick the best option. |
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What was the biggest problem with the Classic Problem Solving method by D'Zurrila and Goldfried (1971)?
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People could not do actual problem solving.
Verbal problem solving only |
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What are the different types of assessment methods?
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Interviews
Review of records (medical, behavioral, educational) Observational--direct, indirect Analogue situations -- contrives, role play Pre/Post --skills |
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What experimental design was the Timeout Ribbon Research study?
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ABA
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Cognitive processes
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covert verbalizations and/or imagery that are frequently called believing thinking expecting or perceiving
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Criterion for judging the effectiveness of any treatment
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Amount of measurable improvement that occurs in the client's behavior
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First wave of behavioral approach to therapy
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Early behavior therapy
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Second wave of behavioral approach to therapy
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Cognitive behavior therapy
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Third wave of behavioral approach to therapy
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Therapeutic approaches based on behavior analysis that incorporate the concepts of mindfulness, acceptance, and values
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What are the 2 major assumptions of cognitive therapy?
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1) Individuals interpret and react to events by forming cognition--beliefs, expectations, attitudes--on the bases of the perceived significance of those events
2) Defectives or maladaptive cognitions can cause emotional and behavioral disorders |
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What is the primary focus of cognitive therapy?
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To help clients recognize and change faulty thinking
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Cognitive restructuring
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Strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking
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ABCT
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Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
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What is the RET approach?
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To teach clients to counteract irrational self-statements with more positive and realistic statements
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Dichotomous thinking
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Thinking in absolute terms
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Arbitrary inference
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Drawing a conclusion on the basis of inadequate evidence
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Overgeneralization
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Reaching a general conclusion on the basis of a few instances
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Magnification
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Exaggerating the meaning or significance of a particular event
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3 major components of Beck's theory
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1) Clients identify dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive assumptions that might be causing debilitating emotions
2) Methods to counteract 3) Test empirically through homework assignments |
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5 steps of self-instructional training
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1) Adult demonstrates self-instruction
2) Child Performs while adult verbalizes 3) Child performs task and verbalizes out loud 4)Overt self-instructions fade 5) Task performance is performed with cover self-instruction |
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3 steps of stress inoculations
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Reinterpretation
Coping training Application |
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Mindfulness
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Nonjudgmental awareness, observation, and description of one's covert or overt behaviors as they occur, and observation of the antecedents and consequences of those behaviors.
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Acceptance
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Refraining from judging one's sensations, thought, feelings, and behaviors as good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant, useful or useless, and so on..
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Explain the relationship of mindfulness and acceptance.
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Mindfulness--focuses on one's behaviors and sensations
Acceptance--Focuses on not judging those behaviors and sensations |
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3 phases of ACT
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1)Client learns that past attempts to control troublesome thoughts and emotions have often served only to increase the frequency of such thoughts and emotions
2) Through mindfulness training and acceptance exercise,s client learns to eperience and nonjudgmentally embrace thoughts and emotion, including those that are troublesome 3) Clients are encouraged to identify values in various life domains (work, family, health, intimate relationships, and so forth.) |
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From a behavioral point of view, tell why cognitive restructuring techniques might be effective.
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1) Decrease frequency of irrational self-statements that elicit the respondent component of troublesome emotions
2) Teach a client to rehearse rules through verbal discourse and homework assignments that identify specific circumstances for specific behaviors that are likely to be maintained in the natural environment. |
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Why might self-instruction and problem-solving training be effective?
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They teach rule-governed behavior that leads to effective consequences.
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Empirically supported therapies (ETSs)
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Therapies that have proved to be effective in scientifically conducted clinical trials
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Systematic desensitization
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Procedure for overcoming a phobia by having a client in a relaxed state successively imagine the items in a fear hierarchy
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Fear hierarchy
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list of fear-eliciting stimuli arranged in order from the least to most fear-eliciting
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Flooding
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Exposure to a strongly feared stimulus for an extended period of time
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Participant modeling
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Client imitates another individual approaching a feared object
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4 types of anxiety disorders
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic disorder and Agoraphobia OCD PTSD |
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Agoraphobia
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Intense fear of going out in public or leaving one's home
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Behavioral characteristics of a major depressive episode
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Appetite reduction
Decreased energy Increased fatigue Impaired ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions Sense of worthlessness or guilt |
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Behavioral theory of depression
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Lack of daily reinforcers
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4 components of behavioral treatment for alcohol dependency
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1) Motivational interview
2) Functional analysis 3) Coping-skills training 4) Contingency contracting |
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4 types of eating disorders
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Binge eating
Bulimia Anorexia Obesity |
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Of the 4 types of eating disorders, with which as behavior therapy been most effective?
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Obesity
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5 behavioral strategies to treating obesity
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Self-monitoring
Stimulus control Change of rate of eating Behavioral contracting Relapse prevention strategies |
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4 components of behavior couples therapy
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Instigation of positive exchanges
Communication training Problem-solving training Programming generality |
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General behavioral approach to treatment of sexual dysfunction
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Sexual responses are learned.
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3 components of habit reversal
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1) client learns to describe and identify the problem behavior.
2) Client learns and practices an incompatible behavior. 3) Client reviews the inconvenience caused by the disorder, records and graphs the behavior, and has a family member provided reinforcement for engaging in the treatment. |
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