Behavior Disorders

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psychopathology

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symptoms and signs of a mental disorder

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psychosis

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person is considered to be out of contact with reality

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syndrome

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group of symptoms that appear together that represent a specific disorder

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insanity

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whether a person should be held responsible for criminal behavior if they are mentally disturbed

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condition is mental disorder if

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the condition results from:
-inability of internal mechanism to perform its natural function
-causes harm to the person
-socially disvalued by standards of their culture

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harmful dysfunction

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is a disorder produces disruption of thought feeling communication perception and motivation

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dsm

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distress, disability with significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or freedom

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epidemiology

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scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population by looking at mortality and disability> measured by time.

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incidence

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number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time

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prevalence

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total number of active cases both old and new that are present in a population during a specific period of time.

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both for men and women

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schizo and bp

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comorbidity

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the presence of one or more condition within the same period of time

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anorexia and bulimia more american

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others can be across cultures

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psychotic disorders are less or more influenced by culture than nonpsychtoic?

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less

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clinical scientist adopt

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open minded skepticism

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soma pg 38

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cell body and largest part of neuron metabolism matienence controlled and performed

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dendrites

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branch out from soma recieve messages from other cells

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axon

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trunk of the neuron- messages transmitted down axon toward other cells

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synapse

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small gap filled wit fluid, divides axon terminal, nt more through it

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paradigm

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set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test theory

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biopsychosocial model

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bio, psy and social factors all contribute to abnormal psych

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biological paradigm

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biological abnormalitiesthat might cause abnormal behavior

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cognitive behavioral

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product of learing

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extinction

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when a once conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with unconditioned stiumuls

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operant conditioning

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learned behav is a function of consequences

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classical

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learning through association

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humanistic

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free will, we control choose and are responsible for our own actions. Blame abnormal behaior on society not the individ

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systems theory

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integrative approach to science, focuses on the multiple influences of behavior- diorders dont exist alone- ppl reinforce them.

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holism

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the whole is more than the sum of its parts

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reductionism

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focuses on smaller and smaller units viewing the smallest possible unit as the ultimate cause

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reciprocal causality

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the idea that causality operates in both directions

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premorbid history

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pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of the disorder

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prognosis

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disorders predictable course for the future

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diathesis

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predisposition towards developing a disorder

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neaurotransmitters

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in the axon terminal, released at synapse and recieved at the receptors on the dendrites, soma of another neuron

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reuptake

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some neurotransmitters are captured in the synapse and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal, it is then reused.

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medulla

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controls bodily functions involved in sustaining life
breathing, heartrate and bloodpressure, involuntary

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pons

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regulating stages of sleep

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reticular activating system

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sleeping and waking

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limbic system

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reg emotion and basic learning process

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thalamus

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recieve and integrate sensory info from both sense organs and higher brain structures

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hypothamlus

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basic biological urges such a sleep, hunger

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frontal
parietal
temporal
occpital lobe

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planning and controling complex functions
recieves and integrates sensory info- spatial
sound and smell, emotions-mem lang
visual

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psychophysiology

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study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psych experiences

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endocrine system

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glands-pituatary, thyroid, adrenal- response physiologically by releasing hormones

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autonomic nervous system

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regulates the function of various body organs, psychphysiological reactions with little or no conscious control
sympathetic: increase arousal and energy
parasympathetic: slowing

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somatic

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intentional or voluntary actions = scratching your nose

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concordance rate

it has to do with____ as well as genetics

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whether MZ are more alike than DZ - if two twins have the same disorder
discordant if one does and the other doesnt
if the disorder is genetic there should be concordance
higher concordance in MZ twins can be because of environment bc concordance rates for MZ are well under 100- environ effects

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social cognition

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how humans process information about the social world

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self esteem must be linked with

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success in children

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erikson emphasize

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social tasks and the conflicts involved in meeting the demands of the external world

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good relationships with someone outside the family is associated with

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better mental health amoung children

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psychotherapy

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therapist client relationship produce cognitive, emotional, behavioral change.

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The biological paradigm when treating clients

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physical illness, diagnosis, genetic predisposition, medication

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psychodynamic paradigm

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focus on defensive style, devel insight, change by increased emotional awareness

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cognitive behavioral paradigm

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cog behav patterns, directive, cogintive distortions, homework, change behav, focus on present,

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humanistic paradigm

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focus on lack of emotional geuninieness, nondirective, encourage client to guide and understand their own feelings

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psychotherapy

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the use of psychological techniques and the therapist client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change

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systematic desensitization

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eliminating phobias bc some are learned through classical conditioning.
progressive muscle relaxation
hierarchy of fears
learning processes
recondition them to pair experience with relax

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aversion therapist

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classical conditioning to create unpleasant response- exposed to stimulus while being subjected to discomfort.

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contingency management

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operant conditioning technique that changes rewards and punishment for identified behaviors

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becks cog therapy

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depression is caused by errors in thinking

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cog behav
rational-emotive therapy

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disorders are caused by irrational beliefs
absolute, unrealistic views of the world
challenge clients beliefs during therapy "whats the worse thing that can happen?"

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carl rogers
client centered therapy

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warmth, geuiness, empathy, therapist do not act as experts, encourages therapists self disclosure, unconditional positive regard

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Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
Axis 4
Axis 5

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clinical syndroms: everything except personality and mr
personality disorders and mental retardation- interater reliability in personality disorders is not strong
general medical conditions- things that are relevant to the present disorder
psychosocial and environmental problems: world that they are living in, situations, relations, work, family
global assesment of functioning: where you put your person based on a level of functioning (0-100) to measure improvement

If you dont see anything "Axis _ deferred"

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interrater reliability

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agreement amoung psychologists of same patient based on description of symptom

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In interviewing a patient therapist must look at prevalence of axis's as well as

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the consistency of behavior

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The purpose of an interview

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obtain peoples own description of their problems, observe important features of the client (posture, attitude, appearance), make rating of person based on predetermined scale, focus on frequency of events,

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MMPI

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straight forward questions, validity scales,

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disadvantages of interview

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person can lie, not respond, ignore something important

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emotion

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state of arousal defines by subjective states of feeling (sadness, anger)

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affect

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pattern of observable behaviors (facial expressions, voice, body movement)

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mood

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pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color perception

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depression

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refer to a mood or to a clinical syndrome a combo of emotional, cognitive, and behav symptoms
"dont feel like it"- dont get pleasure out of things that would normally bring pleasure

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clinical depression
dysthymia

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depressed mood accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of energy, loss of pleasure, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite. Pervasive across situations, impaired ability to function.

not as extreme

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mania
hypomania

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the flip side of depression: euphoria, gradiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured sleep "I can do anything"
- manic runs 2-3 months
- problems with compliance with meds

not as extreme

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mood disorders

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episodes discrete periods of time in which the person's behavior is dominated by a depressed or manic mood

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unipolar
bipolar

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depressed only
depress and mania: bipolar 1: at least one manic episode
2: at least one hypomanic- mania is productive and not full blown
-first onset can be depression or mania- many time is set off by stressful life events

episodic
- maintain rountine to prevent the onset of these symptoms

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Major Depressive Disorder
10 signs to look for

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Episodic depression: each episode a minimum of 2 weeks
At least 5
1. depressed mood- loss of interest
2. lost and empty
3. decrease interest in activity
4. changes in weight loss
5.insomnia
6. psychomotor (dragging etc)
7. loss of energy
8. guilt/ worthlessness
9. indecisiveness
10. thoughts of death- have to ask most will be honest.

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dysthymia

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low grade depression, over a period of two years, chronic,dont remember not being depressed

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cyclothymia

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low grade bipolar

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melancholia
psychotic features
postpardum
rapid cycling:

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: sever depression
: "look at me im disgusting"
after birth
w/i a week or day go in and out
seasonal pattern

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the unipolar age of onset (32)

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is later than bipolar (18-22)

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remission

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period of recovery - from depression very delicate

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relapse

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return to active symtoms- very common

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depression more likely to occur

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when life events are associated with feelings of humiliation , entrapment and defeat

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cognitive distortions

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global personal meaning to experience of failure- overgeneralization, selective attention

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neurotransmitters in medication

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there are many nt that we dont know about

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cognitve therapy in depression

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focuses on helping patients replace self defeating thoughts with more rational statements, "whats the evidence of these thoughts"

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interpersonal therapy

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focuses on current relationships, especially familial, attempts to improve relationships by building communication and problem solving skills

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antidepressants

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ex:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- most used, fewer side effects
very strong, have to be careful with distribution due to suicidal ideation

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lithium
psychotherapy

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effective for manic, non compliance due to side effects,

when combined with med more effective than med alone

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suicide

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crisis centers and hotlines, track the patients emotions if mention something, hospital, put the fam on watch, enlist hope, reduce lethality- if person has weapon or a ways to kill themselves
psychotherapy: negotiate agreements, support, give them a broader perspective for them to know its not the only alt,