Beginning Echo Student

Front 1

Underestimation of LVOT diameter is the most common error leading to underestimation of

Back 1

AV

Front 2

Is Tricuspid more towards apex or base of hrt

Back 2

Apex

Front 3

Structures looked at to evaluate septal defect

Back 3

IVS, SVC, PV coronary sinus

Front 4

What are the hemodynamic consequences of ASD

Back 4

RV volume overload

Front 5

During Systole Av and MV are opened or closed

Back 5

Av opened
MV Closed

Front 6

The name of the artery of the medisternum that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck.

Back 6

The innominate artery, also called the brachocephalic artery or brachocephalic trunk.

Front 7

What two arteries does the brachiocephalic artery branch off into

Back 7

1) Common Carotid artery
2) Subclavian artery

Front 8

The Hrt has 3 layers. What is the inside layer called

Back 8

epicardium

Front 9

The opening of the MV is surronded by a fibrous ring known as the

Back 9

MV annulus

Front 10

How many cusps does the PV have

Back 10

Three

Front 11

What is the Arantius Nodule

Back 11

midpoint of the aortic cusps, where they are the thickest

Front 12

Which sinus is behind each AV cusp

Back 12

it's associated Valsalva Sinus

Front 13

What is the function of the valsalva sinuses

Back 13

They support cusps during systole and provide a reservoir of blood to augment coronary artery flow during diastole

Front 14

Failure to achieve parallel alignment will result in _________ of true velocity

Back 14

underestimation

Front 15

As far as timing of the MV and AV jets, which has a longer duration

Back 15

MV, it begins during isovolumic contration and extends in isovolumic relaxation

Front 16

In rheumatic hrt disease the open anterior leaflet has been described as having a ______ appearance

Back 16

hockey stick

Front 17

Thickening and fusion of the MV commissural edges and chordae can create a ___ motion

Back 17

dooming motion

Front 18

On M-mode. First peak of MV movement ( early E wave) coincides with passive (diasystolic)

Back 18

LA to LV flow

Front 19

Second peak of MV m-mode movement coincides with

Back 19

atrial contraction and active (systolic) flow of blood into the LV ( A wave)

Front 20

AV pressure gradients depend on CO. They can be overestimated in high output stated eg. anemia and underestimated in low output states eg systemic hrt failure. The _____ ____ helps in this case.

Back 20

continuity equation

Front 21

# of pulmonary veins

Back 21

4
R superior
R inferior

L superior
L inferior

Front 22

pulmonary veins extend from the ____ _____ to the lungs

Back 22

LA

Front 23

Pulmonary edema can be divided into which two categories

Back 23

1. edema caused by increased capillary pressure--hydrostatic or cariogenic edema

2. Edemas caused by capillary permeability--noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respirtory distress syndrome ARDS

Front 24

The most common cause of cardiogenic P. edema is

Back 24

LV dysfunction

Front 25

Types of Doppler ultrasound

Back 25

1. CW
2. PW
3. Color Flow

Front 26

Modified Bernouli Equation is used to measure

Back 26

blood velocity--can determine chamber pressure and pressure gradients

Front 27

Name of AV cusps

Back 27

LCC, RCC, NCC

Front 28

Name of PV cusps

Back 28

AC, LC, RC

Front 29

Name of TV cusps

Back 29

Anterior, Septal and Posterior

Front 30

Name of MV cusps

Back 30

Aterior and Posterior

Front 31

PV's septal leaflet is also called

Back 31

medial leaflet

Front 32

What is the double membrane sac

Back 32

pericardium

Front 33

Vena Cavas empty into the

Back 33

RA

Front 34

What is sometimes referred to as the second obstruction of MVS

Back 34

pulmonary hupertension

Front 35

When there is only one papillary mucle in the LV what is the deformity referred to that is often seen

Back 35

Parachute

Front 36

What can cause parachute of MV

Back 36

MVS
supravalvular ring of LA
subaortic stenosis and
coarctation of the aorta

Front 37

What does PISA stand for

Back 37

proximal isovelocity surface area

Front 38

Most common benign primary cardiac tumor is

Back 38

myxoma

Front 39

most common site of a myxoma is

Back 39

LA

Front 40

Ebstein anomaly is associated with what

Back 40

TV. Characterized by apical displacement of the septal leaflet into RV cavity

Front 41

What is Truncus Arterious

Back 41

only one great artery leading into the heart---

Normally there are two, pulmonary and aorta

Front 42

When pericardial cavity or space does fill with blood the HRT can't work and the condition is fatal if not treated. The name of this syndrome is

Back 42

Cardiac Tomponade

Front 43

Foramen Ovale connects what

Back 43

Right and Left Atria

Front 44

Ductus Ateriosus connects the

Back 44

Aorta and Pulmonary Artery

Front 45

Etiolory of RHD caused MVR

Back 45

Blood wall hugging

Front 46

Etiology of MVR ischemic

Back 46

central blood movement
leaflet tenting
annular dilation
papillary muscle rupture

Front 47

Meaning of Vena Contracta

Back 47

narrowest portion of MR jet downstream of jet

Front 48

formula for MVR volume

Back 48

Flow across MV - LVOT

Front 49

type of Doppler used to determine velocity

Back 49

PW

Front 50

on an EKG a saddle shaped ST segment elevation can indicate

Back 50

pericarditis

Front 51

Atrial connections

Back 51

IVC
SVC
Pulmonary veins
CS

Front 52

Whhich is the first to close Patent Ductus Arteriosus or PFO

Back 52

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

Front 53

intrinsic rate of AV node

Back 53

50 beats/min

Front 54

intrinsic rate of myocardiam tissue

Back 54

30 beats/min

Front 55

The Doppler pattern seen with acute MVR has the appearance of

Back 55

a V wave

Front 56

Watter balloon appearance of MV is assoiciated with

Back 56

Marfans Syndrome

Front 57

Basic divisions of LV

Back 57

basal
mid
apical

Front 58

Largest TV leaflet

Back 58

anterior

Front 59

The second HRT sound is made by the

Back 59

closing of the AV valve

Front 60

T wave on the EKG represents

Back 60

ventricular repolarization

Front 61

What is the absolute refractory state

Back 61

that period when muscle cell is not excitable
from phase1 until into phase 3

Front 62

during which phase of the hrt cycle does contration occur

Back 62

phase 2

Front 63

What is the infundibulum

Back 63

RV outflow track funnel shaped

Front 64

Where does the right subclavian artery arise from

Back 64

Innominate artery

Front 65

Tunica Adventitia refers to

Back 65

The outer lining of arterial wall 3 secions of arterial wall are tunica intima, media and adventitia

Front 66

The great vessels of the HRT are

Back 66

Aorta and Pulmonary

Front 67

Percent of oxygen in RA, RV and main PA

Back 67

75%

Front 68

percent of oxygen in LA, LV and Aorta

Back 68

95 percent

Front 69

Percent of oxygen in PA and PV

Back 69

97 percent

Front 70

2 common features of V volume overload

Back 70

1) increase RV diastolic dimension
2) Paradoxical septal motion

Front 71

Best window for viewing ASD

Back 71

subcostal

Front 72

normal pressure of LV

Back 72

120/80

Front 73

Normal pressure of RA

Back 73

0-5

Front 74

normal pressure of LV

Back 74

10/12

Front 75

Systole begins with

Back 75

QRS complex

Front 76

Diastole begins at

Back 76

the end of the T wave

Front 77

Beginning Diastole is known as

Back 77

end systole

Front 78

end systole is the end of the

Back 78

T wave

Front 79

End diastole to end systole is end of P wave to

Back 79

end of T wave

Front 80

End diastole is beginning of

Back 80

QRS complex

Front 81

Does AI happen during diastole or systole

Back 81

Diastole

Front 82

Valves with leaflets

Back 82

MV and TV

Front 83

Valves with cusps

Back 83

PV and AOV the semilunar valves

Front 84

ON M-mode E and A stand for

Back 84

E-early diastolic filling
A- Atrial Kick

Front 85

Congenital abnormality of TV where there is apical displacement of septal leaflet and tetering or the lateral leaflet to the ventrical wall

Back 85

Ebstein anomaly

Front 86

SV=EDV- ESV
what does this formula mean

Back 86

stroke volume= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Front 87

Factors that effect stroke volume

Back 87

-HRT size
-contractility
-duration of contraction
-preload(end diastolic volume)
afterload

Front 88

Co= __x_____

Back 88

CO= SVxHR

Front 89

CO means

Back 89

cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by HRT per minute ML blood/min

Front 90

SV means

Back 90

stroke volume of blood pumped out of HRT with each beat

Front 91

The most commonly blocked artery

Back 91

left coronary artery

Front 92

AI happens during diastoloe or systole

Back 92

diastole

Front 93

valves with leaflets

Back 93

MV and TV

Front 94

Valves with cusps

Back 94

PV and AOV--- the semilunar valves

Front 95

Congenital abnormality of TV where there is apical displacement of septal leaflet and tethering of the lateral leaflet to the ventical wall

Back 95

Ebstein anomaly

Front 96

SV=EDV- ESV
what dows EDV and ESV stand for

Back 96

end diastolic volume (EDV)
end systolic volume ( ESV)

Front 97

Factors that effect strok volume

Back 97

HRT size
contractility
duration of contration
preload (EDV)
afterload

Front 98

what is CO

Back 98

cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by HRT per minute ML blood/min

Front 99

what is SV

Back 99

stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of HRT with each beat

Front 100

In the ECG cycle lake ventricular filling occurs after the

Back 100

the P wave on the ECG

Front 101

on m-mode the A wave coincides with what

Back 101

atrial kick and late diastolic filling

Front 102

If patient presents with early diastolic murmur you would concentrate interest on the

Back 102

AV and PV

Front 103

Early diastolic murmurs are due to what

Back 103

Aortic and pulmonic insufficiency-- severity of regurgitation is often inversely related to duration of the murmer

Front 104

OHM's law

Back 104

Co=AP/TPR

TPR= total peripheral resistance

Front 105

when TPR increases what happens to CO

Back 105

CO decreases

Front 106

less peripheral resistance does what to CO

Back 106

increases with less resistance

Front 107

In laminar flow blood velocity is what at vessel wall

Back 107

zero at vessel wall and highest at center of stream

Front 108

Starling's law states

Back 108

increase venous return and increase SV