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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differences in beef and dairy cows
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Beef used for meat production, dairy for milk production
Beef have more muscle Dairy are thinner and have larger udders |
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Definition of COW
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Mature female that has produced more than one offspring
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Definition of STEER
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Castrated male
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Definition of BULL
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Mature and intact male
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Definition of HEIFER
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Immature female that has yet to give birth
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Definition of Beef Industry
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includes the beef production, breeding, fattening, marketing, slaughtering and processing and sale of the end product
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6 components of the beef industry
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Cow/Calf
Stocker Feeder Packer Retailer Food Service |
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What is vertical integration?
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refers to ownership across pricing point in market channel
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Where is integration used in beef industry?
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Mainly with feeders, packers, and retailers
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What are main by products of beef industry?
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Leather, Soap, Gelatin, Adhesives, Laundry Pre-treatments, and Insulin
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What are the nutritional benefits to humans?
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Red meat provides iron, zinc, amino acids, fats and vitamin B12.
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2011 Herd Inventory in US
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about 100 million head, declining (92,582,400)
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Which countries are steadily expanding in herd number?
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India, Brazil and Argentina
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What are the top 5 beef producing states?
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Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Colorado
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Where does California rank?
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#6
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What is happening to cost of production in the beef industry?
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Cost of feed is up significantly because of drought and high costs for grain. Takes much more money to produce larger herds.
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Factors favorable to beef production
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Can utilize land that is not suited for grain production but perfect for grazing
Utilize low-quality roughages Provides flexibility in marketing Suited to part-time farming |
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Risk associated with beef production
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Cost of operation
Government regulation Environmental issues Animal Rights issues Traceability and accountability |
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What impact does the generation interval have on producers?
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The length of time from birth to market affects:
Cost Time to for genetic improvement |
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What is US cattle supply doing right now? Effect on consumer?
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Cattle supply is declining, make meat more expensive if there is less of it
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What is world beef production doing right now? why/how?
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Declining in most places except for India, Brazil and Argentina
mostly because of drought and supply of feed |
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Where does US rank in Importing?
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1st in IMPORT
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Where does US rank in Exporting?
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3rd in EXPORT
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Where is the US at in terms of being a net importer or exporter right now and why?
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US is pretty much equal in terms of import/export, but more importing of cheaper beef and exporting of expensive products
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Which country is top beef producer?
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The US
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Which country consumes the most beef?
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The US
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Current price of slaughter steers, 750# yearlings, cull cows, and choice-select spread?
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slaughter steers: 122.94
750# yearlings: 137.05 cull cows: 74.33 choice-select spread: 3.93 |
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What are market cattle and their characteristics?
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cattle specifically fed, generally in feed yard for harvest
Usually steers and heifers, 13-14 MOA steers finish: 1300 lbs heifers finish: 1200 lbs |
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What is the grid pricing system?
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Specifically the carcass
Base price +/- premiums/discounts X lbs of animal Live weight X dressing percentage Premiums and Discounts |
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How do you calculate the dressing percentage?
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Live to carcass: Live weight X 62%
Carcass to live: Carcass weight/ 62% |
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What are beef quality grades?
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Marbling and Maturity
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Which grade is best?
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Prime is best
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What four do we mostly look at?
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Prime, Choice, Select and Standard
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What is maturity used for? Maturity A?
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Used for both skeletal and lean maturity
Age tells us general sense of what quality grade beef will have Maturity A is 9-30 months and light cherry red |
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Degrees of marbling related to Prime
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Abundant
Moderately abundant Slightly abundant |
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Degrees of marbling related to Choice
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Moderate
Modest Small |
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Degrees of marbling related to Select
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Slight
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Degrees of marbling related to Standard
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Traces
Practically devoid |
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How is maturity determined?
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degree of ossification (cartilage to bone)
shape and size of bone color of lean meat |
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What is dark cutter and how is it caused?
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dark colored, reduced shelf life, high pH
high stress, mixing cattle, excess mounting, environmental changes, extreme weather |
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Yield grade scale
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grade 1-5
1: leaner, more meat 5: fattest, mostly fat cover |
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Calculating yield grade?
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Hot carcass weight
Ribeye area back fat Kidney, pelvic and heart fat |
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What is yield grade affected by?
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Genetics and management
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What are branded beef products?
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Natural, Organic, USDA Choice, Kobe Beef
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How do you run a successful cow/calf beef operation?
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breed cattle to fit their environment!
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What is a commercial operation?
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selling feeder calves
mostly for feedlot and meat production |
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What is a purebred operation?
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seedstock cattle or show cattle
breeding purposes |
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Difference in fall and spring calving?
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Spring: FEB-APRIL (purebred JAN-MARCH)
used in midwest for better forage Fall: SEP-NOV used on west coast, forage available there and then |
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What are reasons to cull cows?
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not pregnant
old age low performance disease/infection structural soundness |
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Quality grades of most cull cows?
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usually canner, cutter, utility and commercial
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How to decide whether or not to feed cull cows?
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consider current prices and costs of feed
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Differences between Bos Taurus vs. Bos Indicus cattle
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Bos Taurus: British/Continental (colder, drier climates)
Bos Indicus: Zebu (hotter, more humid climates) |
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Differences between British and European/Continental breeds
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British: mostly maternal characteristics
European: mostly terminal characteristics |
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British Breed characteristics
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not as muscled, usually black or red in color
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European/continental Breed characteristics
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very muscled, a lot that are lighter in color
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Zebu breed characteristics
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more loose hide, humps
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What is an effective crossbreeding system and why is it advantageous?
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2 breed crossbreeding system, allows for complete integration of 2 different genetic pools
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What is breed complimentarily?
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understanding which breeds are optimal together and will provide best genetic selection for environment
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What is heterosis?
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An increase in performance of how an individual animal performs or how a calf will perform based on its mother's traits
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Crossbreeding systems and their challenges
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2-breed, 3-breed, and both with terminal sire
Need enough pasture, similar adaptation to environment, identification |
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When should hybrid bulls be used?
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Use hybrid bull with a crossbred cow to maintain breed complimentary and increase heterosis
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What is a seedstock producer?
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A member of a breed association and reports data to them
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What is the link between seedstock and commercial producers?
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seedstocks produces cows with known genetics and then sell bulls and replacement heifers to commercial producers
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What are EPDs?
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Expected Progeny Differences: estimate of genetic transmitting ability of an animal as a parent
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Name 5 traits that are measured with EPDs
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Birth weight
Weaning weight Yearling weight Milk prodcution Calving ease |
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How do we compare bulls with EPDs?
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look at stats depending on the situation and what youre looking for
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Can we compare EPDs across breeds and why?
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No we cannot because each breed has different genetic characteristics
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Why are EPDs always changing?
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because sire summaries are updated each year
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What does an EPD accuracy tell us?
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it measures how close the EPD prediction is to the true genetic value
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What helps improve EPD accuracies?
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More data will equal better accuracies
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Who generally has better accuracies: young sires or proven sires?
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Proven sires, more data to base accuracy off of
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What are some of the EPD adjustment factors and why are they used?
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Age of dam, weaning weight and yearling weight (not all at the same stage when weighed)
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Explain a contemporary group
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Cattle that are same sex, managed alike and see what environmental effects there are on them
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What are indexes?
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a combination and weighing of multiple traits and their relative economic impact into one value that can be used to rank animals
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What would be the correct sire selection action plan?
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determine need for your herd, gather EPDs, determine rankings for the bulls, then pay for those genetics
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How do we visually appraise nutrition status of the cow/heifer?
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Through their Body Condition Score
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What are two factors to consider when trying to maximize cow repro?
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Nutrition (BCS) and Herd Health (vaccinations)
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What is the BCS scale?
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scale from 1-9
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What BCS do we want cattle to be at for calving?
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6
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BCS for breeding?
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5
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Why is nutrition important to reproduction?
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affects profitability of a herd, influenced by management/environment
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What is post partum interval?
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from calving until ready to be bred
(time to recuperate) |
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When is the cow's greatest nutritional need?
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during post partum interval
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What is a realistic PPI? why is it important to maintain this PPI?
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40-50 days, keeps BCS improving and PPI will improve
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What are the three recommended vaccination programs for bulls cows and calves?
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Clostridial, respiratory, and deworm
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How do you properly handle a vaccine?
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follow label, expiration date, refrigeration, temp effect
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Two ways to inject a vaccine
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SubQ and IM
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Where do you give SUBQ injections?
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tent skin and use 3/4 inch
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Where do you give IM injections?
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in muscle but spread out, 1-1.5 inch
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How often should you change your needle when vaccinating?
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every 10-20 head
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What are the two ways to breed cattle?
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By natural service or artificial insemination
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Define estrous cycle
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the whole cycle, includes follicular and luteal phases
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What type of estrous are cattle?
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They are polyestrous, meaning they have multiple cycles throughout the whole year
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What are the two main stages of the estrous cycle?
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The follicular and the luteal phases
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Name a major event in the follicular phase and its importance
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regression of CL and the beginning of the ovulation process
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Name a major event in the luteal phase and its importance
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CL destroyed by Prostaglandin F2a and the cycle begins again (if no pregnancy)
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Length of estrous cycle
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21 days
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Length of estrus cycle
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15 hours (~1 day)
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Time from estrus to ovulation
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24-32 hours
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Time from LH surge to ovulation
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28 hours
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What are the primary and secondary signs of estrus?
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Primary: stands to be mounted
Secondary: vocalization, nervousness |
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What is anestrus?
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when a female does not cycle
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Name two estrus detection aids
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Chalk or marker animals
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Why would you want to utilize estrous synchronization programs?
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More pregnancies
Less open cows More reliable than heat detection |
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What is a CIDR?
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Controlled Internal Releasing Device
allows for sync programs |
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Describe one cow sync protocol
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Select Synch
GnRH @ day 0 Heat detect @ 6-13 Prostaglandin @ day 7 (to destroy CL) |
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Describe on heifer sync protocol
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7 day Co-Sync + CIDR
GnRH @ day 0 CIDR @ days 0-7 Prostaglandin @ day 7 GnRH + AI @ day 9 |
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Describe reasons for calving difficulties
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DYSTOCIA
Birth weight Pelvic area fetal position |
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What is the optimal fetal position and how can you determine it?
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head and front feet come out first, joint and head move in smooth direction through canal
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Name three stages in birthing process
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Prep stage: fetus rotates to correct position, uterine contracts, water sack ruptures and membrane hangs form vulva
Delivery stage: fetus enters birth canal, uterine contractions, forelegs and nose protrude, max effort, placenta attached, umbilical cord breaks Cleaning stage: placenta separates, cow will lick and nudge calf |
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What is colostrum and why is it important?
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First collection of creamy liquid, HIGH in antibodies and nutrients
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Most common method of identification of cows/calves
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Ear tag, tattoo, branding
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One health practice that may be a part of birth health management
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Vitamin and mineral supplements (copper and selenium)
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What is creep feeding?
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Provides supplemental feed to nursing calves (other cows cant access their food)
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When should creep feeding be used?
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Helps with weaning transition and during droughts
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Advantages/disadvantages of creep feeding
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advantages: pressure off of pastures, good for first calf heifers, improved carcass quality
disadvantages: too much fat on calves, potential depression in future milking ability |
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Process of A.I.
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collected semen from bull, frozen with nitrogen, inseminated into cows 12 hrs after standing heat, 65-70% conception rate
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Process of Embryo Transfer
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many embryos produced in vivo, removed from donor, then either frozen or place directly into recipient, very expensive
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Process of sexing semen
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very very expensive, biopsy of cell is taken to determine sex, very slow process and many semen killed in process
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Process of In-Vitro
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removes egg, fertilizes in petri dish, placed into recipient female, but freezing lowers success rate, use with older donors eggs who can no longer birth as well
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Process of Cloning
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by embryo splitting (split then frozen then transferred) or nuclear transfer (somatic cell inserted into oocyte, it divides and embryo forms)
expensive, very low success rate |
