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43 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Key Players BE interacts with in the Thermal Stress Program
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Unit Commanders- manage work/rest cycle, training/informing, providing fluid replacement
Workplace Supervisors- ensuring ocmpliance, training employees Workers- comply with regs, regulate thermal storage and fluid intake, knowing & following rest cycles & hydration guidelines |
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BE Role in the Thermal Stress Program
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Perform initial surveillance to detect ambient health hazards, measure WBGT, establish normal, expected, & average WBGT index measurements, determine Fighter Index of Thermal Stress (FITS) zones, determine Wind Chill Index (WCI) zones of risk and displaying colored flags
*performs thermal stress assessment, compares results to criteria, makes recommendations to control thermal stress hazards |
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Heat Stress
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The net heat load to which a worker may be exposed from the combined contributions of metabolic heat, environmental factors, & clothing requirements
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Heat Strain
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The overall physiological response resulting from heat stress; responses are dedicated to dissipating excess heat from body
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Cold Stress
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Environmental &/or personal conditions that tend to remove body heat & decrease body temp
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Mechanisms of Thermal Exchange
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Metabolism, Evaporation, Radiation, Convection, Conduction
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Metabolism
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Produces body heat and is the flow of energy and the associated physical & chemical changes constantly taking place in the billions of cells that make up the body
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Radiation
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how net heat flows from the hotter surfaces of the body to the cooler surface
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Convection
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The transfer of heat in a moving fluid or air
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Conduction
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When two solid bodies are in contact, heat will flow from the warmer body to the cooler body
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Evaporation
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Causes the removal of heat from an object by the vaporization of liquid
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Heat Stress Workplace Impact
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Strength declines, fatigue occurs sooner, mental alertness affected, info comprehension/retention lowered, accidence occurence increased, attentiveness to hazards decreased
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Worker Impact from Heat Stress
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Heat-related disorders, physiological adjustments, behavioral changes to compensate, effects on attitudes (including absenteeism)
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Workplace Risk Factors (Heat Stress)
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Climatic conditions, high work demands (increased Ops Tempo), PPE Requirements
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Body's Response to Heat Stress
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As outside temp approaches skin temp: cooling body becomes more difficult, blood brought to skin surface doesn't cool down body, heart continues to pump blood to body surface, evaporation becomes main means of maintaining body temp, BUT doesn't work unless it can evaporate, glands pour liquids with electrolytes onto skin, evaporation ability decreased
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Heat Related Disorders Risk Factors
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Dehydration, IPE, salt depletion, lack of acclimation, failure to observe work/rest cycles, poor physical condition, drugs that inhibit sweating
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Heat Related Disorders
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Heat Illness, Heat Stroke, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Syncope, Heat Cramps, Heat Rash, Sunburn
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Heat Illness
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An all embracing term that applies to an individual who becomes incapaciated as the result of a rise in core body temp
Symptoms: dizziness/confusion, nausea/vomiting, staggering, disturbed vision, confusion/collapse/loss of consciousness |
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Heat Stroke
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-MOST SERIOUS heat-related disorder
-Occurs when body temp regulation fails & is unable to rid excess heat & body temp rises to critical levels -is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY |
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Heat Exhaustion
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Milder heat related disorder caused by excessive exposure to heat & the depletion of body fluids
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Heat Syncope
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-fainting
-result of exposure to high temps -can be caused by the pooling of blood in legs & skin from prolonged static posture & heat exposure |
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Heat Cramps
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Muscle pains or spasms during/after strenuous activity, attributed to electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating without adequate fluid or salt intake
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Heat Rash
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AKA prickly heat, small bumps, itching or prickling sensation caused by restrictive clothing and prolonged, uninterupted sweating & inadequate hygiene practices
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Sunburn
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Can impair body heat loss by reducing the ability to sweat, degrading performance and increasing the risk of heat related casualities. Altitudes & reflective surfaces such as fresh ice, snow, sand, metal, concrete, & wind increase the risk & severity
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Effects of extended IPE/CPO wear in Heat
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Restrict normal heat loss, leads to reduction of performance, performance degredation, loss of visual & tactile acuity, reduced hearing
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Cold Stress Worker Impact
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Reduced sensation & dexterity, discomfort leading to distraction, limitation of movement due to bulky clothing, contact with freezing metal components with risk of freezing cold injuries, degraded mental performance, accidents, unsafe behaviors
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Cold Stress Workplace Impact
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Responses of workers are a good tool for IDing cold stress in workplace.
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Workplace Risk Factors to Cold Stress
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Cold environments (such as flight line in winter, fridge units, deployments), wind, rain, immersion, altitude
mission risk factors: work intensity, duration of cold exposure, availability of adequate shelter, clothing, & food |
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Body's Response to Cold Stress
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In order to conserve energy & increase body heat production, reduced blood flow to skin & shivering occur
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Risk Factors & Cold Stress Related Disorders
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Risk Factors: dehydration, low body fat, inadequate nutrition, inactivity, alcohol, caffeine (to a lesser extent)
Disorders: hypothermia, frostbite, frostnip, trenchfoot, chilblain, Raynaud's Disorder |
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Hypothermia
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-Serious health condition that develops as rate of heat loss exceeds heat production
-Defined as core temp below 35 degrees C (95 degrees F) -Potential for freezing of tissues & subsequent frostbite |
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Frostbite
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-Occurs when skin/tissues freeze
-Occurs at temps less than or equal to 30 degrees F -May occur at above that depending on wind chill -Extremeties affected first |
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Frostnip
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-Milder cold injury; does not ause tissue loss
-Reversible freezing of superficial skin layers -Symptoms: numbness & whiteness of skin, possible itching/pain |
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Trench Foot (AKA immersion foot)
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-Cold injury sustained by tissues exposed to cold, wet conditions for prolonged periods of time
-Cause by actual immersion or conditions such as prolonged walking on boggy ground or sweating in impervious boots |
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Chilblain
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-Superficial cold injury occuring 1-5 hours in cold, wet conditions @ temps less than 50 degrees F (16C)
-Most common body parts affected are fingers, ears, cheeks, toes, & exposed shins |
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Raynaud's Disorder
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-Not considered Freezing Cold Injury (FCI) or Non-Freezing COld Injury (NCFI)
-Affects arteries; marked by brief episodes of vasospasm (narrowing of blood vessels); severe cases in cold may lead to digital ulceration & tissue loss |
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Cold-Related effects of extended IPE/CPO wear
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-Increased susceptibility to frostbite
-Limits ability to inspect visually for signs of cold injury -Heat exhaustion from strenuous activity -Instantaneous frostbite when donning protective mask -Eyepiece fogging -Drinking tube in M17 series mask unusable -unable to wear gloves/mittens with chemical gloves |
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Engineering Controls for Heat Stress
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-Reduce physical work demands & external heat gain and enhance external heat loss
-Examples: dilution ventilation, active cooling, shielding |
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Admin Controls for Heat Stress
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Examples: Acclimatization; pace of work; sharing work; scheduling of work; work times, self determination, & personal monitorin;, fluid replacement; diet, life-style, & general health; awareness training
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PPE for Heat Stress
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-Primarily personal cooling, can include reflective clothing for high-radiant heat conditions
-Examples: circulating air systems, circulating water systems, ice garments, reflective clothing* *for areas with high radiant heat; HOWEVER reduces sweat evaporation & can increase heat stress |
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Engineering Controls for Cold Stress
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*Minimizing Air Movement
-Reducing conductive heat transfer -Providing temporary shelter -General or spot heating -Redesigning equipment processes |
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Admin Controls for Cold Stress
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-Providing work/warm cycles
-Scheduling work to warmest times -Moving work to warmer areas -Increasing & rotating workers -Encouraging self-pacing & breaks -Using "buddy system" -Avoiding sedentary periods -Curtailing non-essential tasks -Provide conditioning period for new workers -Providing appropriate protective clothing -Training |
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PPE for Cold Stress
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-Properly selected insulating clothing (insulation, layering, & ventilation)
-Water barriers to external liquids (Gortex, rain gear) -Gloves/mittens |