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304 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

sands and gravels

-low plasticity soil
-relatively high bearing capacity
-good for foundations
-good for drainage
silt
-sedimentary soil
-behaves as granular material does, but can be slightly plastic
-may be adequate for a foundation if tested to be stable, but better when mixed with other soils
clay
-cohesive (has tensile strength) soil
-plastic when wet
-unpredictable
-may be adequate for a foundation if tested to be stable, but better when mixed with other soils
organics
-vegetable/other decomposed matter
-poor base for a foundation
hardpan
unbroken mixture of clay, sand, and gravel; good for foundations
shale, slate
soft rock; second-highest bearing capacity
boulders
rocks that have broken off of bedrock
bedrock
solid rock that forms the earth's crust; highest bearing capacity
grain size and shape (soil test result)
in a soil test, determines shear strength, permeability, likely result of frost action, and compaction ability of granular soil

liquid and plastic limits (soil test result)

in a soil test, determines compaction and compressibility values for cohesive soil
specific gravity (soil test result)
in a soil test, determines void ratio (and therefore compressibility) of the soil
unconfined compression (soil test result)
in a soil test, this value helps measure shear strength for cohesive soil
water content (soil test result)
in a soil test, this value is used to get compressibility and compaction values for cohesive soil
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
comprised of major divisions and subdivisions of soil types based on grain size and laboratory tests of physical characteristics; provides standardized names and symbols
drainage
soil treatment method that can increase the strength of the soil and prevent hydrostatic pressure
fill
soil treatment method that replaces unsuitable soil with soil, sand, or gravel

compaction

soil treatment method used to achieve 90-100% of the optimum Proctor density and 2-4% of the optimum moisture contact
densification
a type of on-site compaction, using a variety of techniques such as vibration, dropping of heavy weights, or pounding piles into the ground to fill the voids with sand; specific techniques depend on the grain size of the soil
surcharging
the use of fill to preload the ground, causing settlement before building
mixing
an alternative to the complete removal and replacement of the soil; a layer of sand or gravel is placed on the less stable soil, then integrated with existing soil to help it achieve required bearing capacity
earthwork
general term that includes both excavation and modification of the site's contours
excavation
removal of soil to allow construction of foundations and other permanent fixtures below grade
trenching
a relatively narrow, long excavation for piping or narrow footings or foundation walls
rough grading
modification of contours within 6-12" of the desired level
finish grading
final moving of soil (prior to landscaping or paving) within 1" of the desired level
underpinning
a shoring method to temporarily support existing foundations while they are being repaired, strengthened, or extended
water table
the level below which the soil is saturated with groundwater
formwork
the system of boards, ties, and bracing required to construct the mold for wet concrete
form ties
metal wires or rods used to hold opposite sides of the form together and to prevent their collapase
slip form
moves as the concret cures; used to form continuous surfaces such as tunnels and high-rise building cores
flying form
a large fabricated section of framework which can be removed and reused in forming an identical section above
capillary action
water is drawn up through the slab through the forces of adhesion, surfaces tension, and cohesion
vapor barrier
thin sheet material (generally plastic) designed to prevent water vapor from passing through it
vapor retarder
a thin sheet material only slows the rate of water vapor transmission; plays a role in the effectiveness of insulating materials
permeance
a measure of a material's resistance to water-vapor transmission
perm
the passage of one grain of water vapor per hour through one square foot of material at a pressure differential of one inch of mercury between the two sides of the material
rebar grades
yield strength in kips per square inch; most common are 40 and 60
welded wire fabric
consists of cold-drawn steel wires in a 4-6" square pattern; used for temperature reinforcement in slabs
portland cement
the binding agent in concrete; made from lime, silica, iron oxide, and alumina
standard cement/normal cement
Type I cement; used for most general construction
modified cements
Type II cement; used in places where a modest amount of sulfate resistance is needed and where the heat of hydration needs to be controlled (ex: dams or other massive structures)
high-early-strength cement
Type III cement; used where a quick set or a higher heat of hydration (suitable for cold weather)
low-heat cement
Type IV cement; used in massive structures to minimize cracking and very slow setting
sulfate-resisting cement
Type V cement; used for structures that will be exposed to water or soil with a high alkaline content

hydration

the chemical hardening of concrete
laitance
a chalky surface deposit of low-strength concrete, which must be removed before pouring additional concrete in order for it to bond properly
design strength
the compressive strength of concrete after it has cured and hardened 28 days
admixtures
chemicals or other materials added to concrete to speed hydration, slow hardening, improve workability, add color, improve durability, or otherwise impart certain qualities
air-entraining agent
admixture that forms tiny bubbles in the concrete to increase workability and durability of concrete, while improving its resistance to freeze/thaw cycles
accelerator
admixture that speeds up the hydration of the cement, helping the concrete achieve its strength faster
plasticizer
admixture that reduces the amount of water needed to maintain the required consistency for placement/compaction of the concrete, allowing higher strength
retarder
admixture that slows down the setting time to help reduce the heat of hydration
waterproofing
admixture that decreases the permeability of the concrete
fly ash
waste material from coal-fired power plants; used as an admixture to increase strength, decrease permeability, reduce temperature rise, increase sulfate resistance, and improve workability
carbon fiber concrete
uses epoxy-coated carbon fiber mesh (instead of standard steel mesh), which allows thinner and lighter precast panels
slump test
on-site test which measures the consistency of concrete
cylinder test
concrete test which measures compressive strength
core cylinder test
concrete test used to test the compressive strength of concrete after a portion of the structure is already in place and cured
remie
a long, cylindrical steel chute that allows concrete to be placed underwater
segregation
the separation of the aggregates, water, and sand in a concrete mixture
honeycombing
the formation of airpockets within the concrete
rough form finish
concrete finish which shows the pattern of the formwork and its joints
smooth form finish
concrete finish with joints and tie holes planned out to be aligned and/or symmetrical
strike off
first step in the process of finishing a concrete slab, in which a metal or wood straightedge is drawn across the forms to give the concrete a roughly level surface
float
process used to finish a concrete slab that requires a smooth finish, in which a wood or magnesium trowel is used to bring cement paste to the surface, which is then consolidated and smoothed over the coarse aggregate
control joints
concrete joint which creates a weak section in the concrete to cause normal temperature/stress cracking to occur along the joint rather than at random
construction joints
concrete joint that occurs whenever there is a new pour against a cured section of concrete; should be located at points of minimum shear and protected against water leakage
expansion joints
complex concrete joints which allow entire sections to move independently of one another; capable of moving in two directions

isolation joints

concrete joints which allow two adjacent sections to move independently of one another by separating two different concrete pours with a premolded joint material
weld plates
steel plates cast flush with the surface of the concrete, used to attach steel members
concrete sealers
proprietary products applied to concrete to protect against weather/water penetration, provide chemical resistance, prevent dusting of the surface, or harden the surface; coating or penetrating
bond breaker
a liquid solution or plastic sheet used to prevent the wall panel from sticking to the casting surface
pre-tensioned concrete slab
high-strength cable is draped within the forms and a tensile force is applied; after the concrete is poured and cures, the cables are cut
post-tensioned concrete slab
steel tendons in hollow sleeves/conduits are placed in the forms; concrete is poured and cures, after which the tendons are stressed with hydraulic jacks

note: in bonded construction, sleeves are then removed
mortar
a mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water
masonry cement
portland cement and pulverized limestone; it's less costly and more plastic (but less strong) than portland cement
M, S, N, and O
four basic types of mortar, each with a different proportion of cement, lime, and aggregate, and a different compressive strength
grout
a mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water mixed to a pouring consistency; used to fill wall cavities or cores of hollow masonry units and to bond masonry to reinforcement
facing brick
a type of brick used for exposed locations where appearance and uniformity of size are important
building brick or common brick
a type of brick made without regard to color or special finish
standard brick size
3-5/8" x 7-5/8" x 2-1/4"

3 courses = 8"
Roman brick size
3-5/8" x 11-5/8" x 1-5/8"

2 courses = 4"
Norman brick size
3-5/8" x 11-5/8" x 2-1/4"

3 courses = 8"
course
a continuous horizontal layer of masonry
wythe
a continuous vertical section of masonry, one unit in thickness
concave, flush, and vee joints
three types of mortar joints recommended for exterior use because they shed water more effectively
control joints
masonry joints designed to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction
efflorescence
a white, crystalline deposit of water-soluble salts on the surface of brick masonry, which is drawn out by water seeping into the masonry and appears when the water evaporates; not harmful to the brick
tuck pointing or repointing
in brick restoration, the process of restoring deteriorated mortar
unit masonry
general term for any of the types of building products assembled with mortar
structural clay tile
a masonry unit made from burned clay formed into hollow units with parallel cells
terra cotta or ceramic veneer
a high-fired clay unit used for cladding and/or decoration
cast stone
precast concrete building product made to simulate natural stone, comprised of portland cement, sand, and light aggregates
stone
quarried pieces of rock
igneous rock
a type of rock formed from the solidification of molten rock (ex: granite)
sedimentary rock
a type of rock consisting of consolidated products of rock disintegration, sea shells, and various clays and silts (ex: sandstone, limestone)
metamorphic rock
a type of rock that has been altered by pressure or the intrusion of molten rock (ex: marble, slate)
rubble
stone with little or no shaping
squared stone
stone with slightly shaped edges resulting in vertical joints
ashlar or cut stone
highly shaped thick-cut stone
smelting
the process of refining the ores to extract the pure metal
alloys
metals combined with other substances to impart desirable characteristics (ex: steel with chromium and metal to make it corrosion resistance)
fabrication
the process of forming and shaping refined metal into the desired condition
casting
molten metal is poured into a form where it is allowed to cool and harden into the desired shape
rolling
the process of passing metal through rollers to produce the needed shape, which can be done in hot or cold
extruding
the process of pushing metal through a die to form a shape

drawing

the process of pulling metal through a die to form a shape
welding
the joining of two metals by heating them above their melting point; used for structural steel
brazing
the joining of two metals at an intermediate temperature using a nonferrous filler metal; used for brass, bronze, and some aluminum

soldering

the joining of two metals using lead-based or tin-based alloy solder filler metal
galvanic action
the corrosion resulting when dissimilar metals come in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte such as moisture

electrolysis

a mild electric current is set up between the two metals, gradually corroding one while the other remains intact
wrought iron
iron with low carbon content (less than .3%) and a substantial amount of slag
cast iron
iron with a carbon content above 2%, making it very hard and brittle
ductility
property that allows steel to withstand excessive deformations due to high tensile stresses without failure
stainless steel
a steel alloy containing at least 11% chromium, and usually nickel
weathering steel
steel alloy that contains a small amount of copper, which develops a protective oxide coating
anodizing process
an electrochemical process that deposits an integral coating on the metal
terneplate
stel sheet covered with an alloy of 75% lead and 25% tin for roofing
architectural mesh
a specialty metal formed by "weaving"thin strips of metal or heavy wire, then grinding off a portion of one face to reveal a highly textured but relatively flat surface
rough carpentry
structural framing, sheathing, blocking, etc.; includes exposed lumber, like heavy timber beams
finish carpentry
exposed finished pieces of lumber necessary to complete a job, including trim, base, wood paneling, cabinets, and shelving
softwood
wood from coniferous trees, such as fir, spruce, and pine
hardwood
wood from deciduous trees, such as oak, walnut, and maple
lumber strength
a property of lumber dependent on the direction of the load relative to the direction of the wood's grain
knot
a wood defect caused by cutting through a branch or limb embedded in the tree
check
a separation of the wood fibers across or through the growth rings as a result of improper seasoning
pitch pocket
an open area between growth rings containing resin
shake
a lengthwise separation of wood that occurs between or through growth rings
split
a separation of wood fibers extending completely through a piece of lumber, usually at the ends
wane
the presence of bark or absence of on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber
warp
any variation from a true or plane surface in lumber
bow
a lumber defect in which the deviation is parallel to the length of the lumber in line with the lumber's flat side
crook
a lumber defect in which the deviation is parallel to the length of the lumber perpendicular to the flat side of the piece
cup
a lumber defect in which the deviation is along the width of the board
American Lumber Standards Committee
an association that established the standard rules for lumber grading
yard lumber
a class of softwood lumber used for structural purposes and rough framing
factory/shop lumber
a class of softwood lumber used for making door frames, windows, and finish items
boardfoot
measure of quantity of lumber equal to a piece of 12" wide x 12" long x 1" thick
moisture content
the weight of water in wood as a fraction of the weight of oven-dry wood
fiber saturation point
in wood, occurs when the cell walls are completely saturated but no water exists in the cell cavities; about 30% moisture content
dry lumber
the moisture content cannot exceed 19%
kiln dry lumber
the moisture content cannot exceed 15%
plywood
sheets of thin veneer glued together to form a rigid panel
plywood span rating
a measure of the strength and stiffness of the plywood parallel to the face grain
plywood veneer grades
a measure of the quality of plywood face veneer:
-N (natural)
-A (smooth and paintable)
-B (plugged knotholes, but smooth)
-C (small knotholes and some splits)
-D (larger knotholes)
sheathing
thin panel material attached to framing to provide lateral support, increase rigidity, and provide a base for applying exterior finishes
oriented strand board
engineered wood panel product manufactured from precision-cut wood strands
hardboard
a wood panel product composed of inter-felted fiber-consolidated under heat and pressure
medium-density fiberboard
a wood panel product made from wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure
blocking
wood framing installed between main structural members to provide extra rigidity or to provide a base for nailing other materials
bridging
in wood framing, bracing between joists that prevents the joist from buckling under load
firestops
barriers installed in concealed spaces of combustible construction to prevent the spread of fire caused by drafts
plywood web joists
fabricated wood I-beams, made of a plywood or OSB web piece fitted into grooves of chord members made of solid wood or laminated veneer lumber
laminated veneer lumber/thin glued-laminated framing
lumber fabricated by gluing thin veneers of lumber together to build up a strong, rigid, dimensionally stable framing member than can be used like solid framing lumber
wood trusses
factory-made assemblies consisting of relatively small wood members held together with toothed plate connectors
structural insulated panel (SIP)
composite building unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material
glued-laminated wood (glulam)
manufactured heavy timbers built up from a number of individual pieces of lumber glued together and finished under factory conditions for structural use
redwood
a type of wood that has naturally occurring resin that makes it resistant to moisture and insect attack
creosote
a wood preservative that is distillate of coal tar used to protect against insects; insoluble in water; mainly used on railroad ties, marine timbers, and roadway guard posts, but not in building applications
oil-borne preservatives, like pentachlorophenol (penta)
a wood preservative used to treat utility poles, water pilings, and bridge timbers; sometimes used on long-span glulams, but otherwise not used i building applications
waterborne preservatives, like ammoniacal copper quaternary (alkaline copper quat), copper azole, and sodium borate
a wood preservative commonly used in residential/commercial/industrial buildings; clean, odorless, and nonstaining
heartwood
a classification of finish lumber specifying wood from the center of the tree
sapwood
a classification of finish lumber specifying wood from the perimeter of the tree
plain sawing
the most efficient and least expensive method of sawing lumber; results in a "cathedral" grain pattern
quartersawing
a method of sawing lumber produced by cutting the log into quarters, then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line; results in a grain that is generally vertical and tends to twist/cup/shrink less and generally has fewer defects
rift sawing
a method of sawing lumber produced by cutting the log into quarters, then sawing radially to the center of the tree; results in a consistent vertical grain, but more expensive than alternate methods
rotary slicing
a type of veneer cut in which the log is mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife, peeling a continuous layer with a pronounced grain pattern off; produces the most veneer with the least waste
half-round slicing
a type of veneer cut in which the log is cut in half and cut slightly across the annual growth rings
rift slicing
a type of veneer cut in which a quarter-log is cut at about a 15-degree angle to the growth rings, resulting in a straight-grain pattern; often used with oak
scrribe piece
an oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall
stiles
vertical frame pieces
rails
horizontal frame pieces
high-pressure decorative laminate
a thin-sheet laminate made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resin, overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin, then placed in a hot press and put under high pressure which makes the layers fuse together
thermoset decorative paneling / low-pressure laminate / melamine
a laminate product made by fusing a decorative overlay from a thermoset polyester or melamine resin-impregnated saturated sheet onto a cellulosic substrate (like particleboard or MDF)
solid surfacing
generic term for homogeneous, polymerized surfacing materials
lacquer
woodwork finish which has a high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in a volatile solvent
varnish
woodwork finish which consists of various types of resinous materials dissolved in one of several types of volatile liquids
polyurethane
synthetic woodwork finish that gives a hard, durable finish with excellent water, chemical, and abrasion resistance; difficult to repair or refinish
dampproofing
the control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure

ex: concrete admixtures, bituminous coatings, cementitious coatings, membranes (though this is usually overkill), plastic coatings (above grade)
waterproofing
the control of moisture and water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure

ex: waterstops, bentonite panels, positive slope, geotextile matting (to alleviate hydrostatic pressure)
conduction
the flow of heat within a material or between materials without displacement of the particles of the materials
convection
the transfer of heat within a fluid, either gas or liquid, by the movement of the fluid from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature
radiation
the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from onesurface to a colder surface

British thermal unit (Btu)

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lbm of water by 1°F

R-value

the resistance of a material; the number of hours needed for 1 Btu to pass through 1 ft²

thermal drift

the change of a foam insulation's resistance (R-value) due to changes in cell gas composition from diffusion of air into the foam cells
loose-fill insulation
insulation produced as shreds, granules, or nodules which can be poured or blown into spaces

ex: rock or slag wool, cellulose, fiberglass, perlite, vermiculite
rock wool
fibrous material formed by blowing molten basalt rock (a byproduct) under pressure
slag wool
the most common type of insulative "wool," made from blast furnace slag (byproduct)
cellulose
insulation comprised of shredded wastepaper or wood fiber; chemically made fire- and fungus-resistant; 75% recycled material
fiberglass
loose-fill insulation made by spinning molten glass into fibers; typically 20-30% recycled material
perlite
insulation comprised of volcanic rock expanded by heating
vermiculite
insulation comprised of a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-ironsilicate; forms small worm-like pieces; may contain asbestos
batt insulation
insulation comprised by fibrous material placed on or within a kraft paper carrier (which doubles as a vapor retarder)
plastic fiber insulation
similar to batt insulation, but made from recycled plastic milk bottles achieving a similar density to fiberglass
organic board insulation
insulative material sandwiched between coatings of bituminous material, paper, foil, etc.

ex: wood, cane fiber, straw, perlite, cork
inorganic board insulation
insulation made from plastics sandwiched between bituminous material, paper, foil, etc.

ex: molded or extruded expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, polyurethane
CFCs, HCFCs
insulation blowing agents which were phased out by the Clean Air Act because of their ozone depletion potential; replaced by hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide
sprayed foam insulation
a type of insulation in which the components are mixed as it's applied, at which time they react immediately and expand to produce low-density, self-adhering foam; the base material is polyurethane or polyicynene
sprayed fiber insulation
a type of insulation in which the base material is mixed with an adhesive and a small amount of water to activate the adhesive; the base material may be cellulose (most common), fiberglass, and/or rock wool; must be allowed to dry thoroughly before being enclosed
radiant barrier
single sheet of highly reflective material, usually aluminum, that faces an open airspace used to reduce the passage of thermal radiation (usually to block summer heat gain, but sometimes used to retain heat in the winter)
insulated concrete forms (ICF)
system of interlocking foam insulation blocks/panels that serve as formwork for poured concrete walls and remain in place after the concrete has cured

-typically used for foundation walls
-foam is usually extruded expanded polystyrene (XEPS)
structural insulated panel (SIP)
composite building unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material, usually expanded polystyrene (EPS)
roof pitch
number of inches rise for ever twelve inches run
square (roofing unit of measure)
used in describing size, estimating, and ordering materials for roof; equal to 100 ft²
slate tile
roofing material laid over asphalt-saturated roofing felt, then attached with copper or galvanized nails through prepunched holes

-expensive
-fire resistant
-very durable (may last over 100 years!)
metal roofing
roofing material that is durable and adaptable, but can be expensive and difficult to install; roof design must allow for expansion and contraction
ponding
occurs when standing water causes a flat roof to deflect a little, which allows more water to collect, which causes more deflection, and so on until the roof fails
cricket
saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle
scuppers / overflow drains
a second means of drainage with the low edge positioned above the top of the roof, in case the primary drains become clogged; usually required by building codes for flat roofs surrounded by parapets/walls
pitch pan
a small metal enclosure filled with bituminous material intended to protect roof projections from water; tends to leak
modified bitumen
single-ply membrane consisting of bitumen, a chemical additive (increases elasticity), and reinforcing fabric (adds tensile strength)
thermoset plastics
plastics that permanently harden once they are subjected to heat and cured
thermoplastic materials
plastics that can be repeatedly softened with heat and then harden again when cooled
ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)
thermoset roofing membrane with excellent weather/heat/fatigue resistance and sealed with adhesive or pressure-sensitive tape; only available in black and cannot be reused for roofing
chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)
fully adhered roofing membrane that is highly resistant to weathering; available in white
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
thermoplastic roofing membrane that has excellent resistance to weathering (including hail), is easy to install, and is relatively inexpensive; available in white and can be recycled
thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)
single-ply roofing membrane made from a bend of polypropylene and ethylene propylene; available in white and can be recycled
reinforced membranes
roofing membranes with more dimensional stability, tear strength, and puncture/wind load resistance; typically involves polyester or glass fibers

good choice for roofs with high wind loads and heavy foot traffic; required for membranes that are fully adhered or mechanically attached
low-performance sealant
sealant used in joints with ~5% movement
intermediate-performance sealant
sealant used in joints with ~12.5% movement
high-performance sealant
sealant used in joints with ~25%
exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)
cladding assembly made up of a wet-applied cementitious finish over a rigid insulation board attached to building sheathing
hinge jamb
the door jamb where the hinge or pivot is installed
strike side / strike jamb
the door jamb where the door closes
flush door
door type with a single, smooth surface on both sides
sash door
door type containing one or more glass lites
louvered door
door type containing an opening with metal slats to provide ventilation
hollow metal door
steel door, constructed with faces of cold-rolled sheet steel attached to honeycomb kraft paper, steel ribs, hardboard, or other materials and edged with steel channels
hollow-core door
wood door type made up of one or three plies of veneer on each side of a cellular cardboard interior and a solid-wood stiles-and-rails frame; no fire-resistance capabilities
solid-core door
wood door type made up of veneer on each side of a particleboard, stave core (solid blocks of wood), or mineral core interior; used for fire-resistance properties
glass doors / all-glass doors
door type constructed of glass with fittings, but no frame; cannot be fire-rated
full-mortise
most common type of hinge, with both leaves mortised into the door and frame
half-mortise
type of hinge with one leaf attached to the face of the frame and the other mortised into the door
half-surface
type of hinge with one leaf attached to the face of the door and the other mortised into the frame
full-surface
type of hinge with both leaves attached to the face of the door and frame
swing clear hinge
type of hinge with a special shape, allowing the door to swing 90°
high-frequency door
doors used at office building entrances, theaters, etc, which require heavyweight ball-bearing hinges
latchset
device that holds a door in place with no provision for locking
mortise lock or latch
a type of lock/latch installed in a rectangular area cut out of the door; allows the use of a dead bolt and a latchbolt
preassembled / unit lock or latch
a type of lock/latch that comes from the factory as a complete unit and slid into a notch made at the edge of the door; seldom used anymore
bored / cylindrical lock or latch
a type of lock/latch installed by drilling holes through the face of the door and from the edge of the door to the first opening; less expensive but less versatile than other locksets
interconnected lock
a type of lock consisting of a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt which are linked up so that a single action of turning the doorknob inside releases both the lock and bolt
pivot
an alternative to hinges; used for frameless doors
panic hardware
operating hardware sometimes required by building code for safe egress; consist of push bars extending across the width of the door that operate vertical rods that disengage latches at the top and bottom
push plate / pull bar
operating hardware used when automatic latching is not required
closer
device that automatically returns a door to its closed position after it's opened
astragals
vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security
coordinator
device used with double doors that are rabbeted or that have an astragal on the active leaf, to ensure that they close in the correct order
flush bolt
hardware used on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors to lock the door; not allowed on exit doors
weather stripping
used along the edges of doors to provide a tight seal for protection from water, air, light, sound, and smoke; made of neoprene, felt, metal, vinyl, etc.
labeled door
another name for a fire-rated door, called such for the small metal marker attached to the door, indicating its class and rating based on UL/FM/ASTM/NFPA
glazing
the process of installing both the glass and the framing
float glass / annealed glass
type of glass made by pouring molten glass on a bed of molten tin and allowing it to slowly cool, forming a smooth, flat surface
heat-strengthened glass
type of glass made by heating glass to 1100°F, then allowed to slowly cool; two times stronger than annealed glass; used in areas of higher thermal stress or cyclic windloading
tempered glass
type of glass made by subjecting annealed glass to 1150°F, then quickly cooling it; four times stronger than annealed glass; considered safety glass
laminated glass
type of glass made by bonding two or more pieces of glass together with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral resin; strong, potentially bulletproof, sound control
tinted glass / heat-absorbing glass
type of glass used to reduce the solar transmittance of the glass; sensitive to differential expansion/contraction due to uneven thermal load; colors include bronze, gray, green, or blue
low-iron glass
type of glass with exceptional clarity and optimal light/color transmission; appears light-green compared to ordinary clear float glass
reflective glass
type of glass, clear or tinted, coated with an extremely thin layer of metal or metallic oxide
insulating glass
type of glass made up of two or three sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space; has a low U-value, and can be made with heat-strengthened, tempered, reflective, tinted, and laminated glass
patterned glass
type of glass made by passing a sheet of glass through rollers on which the desired imprint is etched; may diffuse visibility
wire glass
type of glass which has mesh embedded in the middle of the sheet; may be smooth or patterned; twice as strong as annealed glass but does not qualify as safety glass
spandrel glass
a type of glass made by fusing a ceramic frit color to the back of heat-strengthened or tempered glass; used to conceal the floor and ceiling structure in curtain wall construction
low-emissivity glass ("low-e glass")
type of glass which selectively reflects/transmits certain electromagnetic wavelengths, made by placing a thin coating of metal or metal oxide on the glass
electrochromic glazing
a type of glazing that changes from either a dark tint or a white opaque to transparent with the application of an electric current
glazing stops
removable pieces of framing that allow glass to be installed and removed easily
structural glazing gaskets
fairly rigid strips of neoprene specifically designed to hold glass, used in place of glazing stops
frameless glazing system
glazing system type with supports on the topa nd bottom, with butt-jointed edges, sealed with silicon sealant
building code requirements for glazing
(characteristics of glazing systems governed by ____)
-sizing of the glass based on wind loads
-fire-rating requirements
-areas of glass subject to human impact in hazardous locations
curtain wall
exterior wall system that is attached to the structural framework of a building and that carries no weight other than its own and the wind loading that it transfers to the structure
plaster
a finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water
Keene's cement
a type of plaster with a high resistance to abrasion and water penetration
stucco
a finish material made from portland cement, lime, sand, and water; hard and non-water-absorbant
metal lath
surface that the first coat of plaster can key into; usually some kind of mesh
scratch coat
first coat of plaster; usually about 1/4"
brown coat
second coat of plaster; usually about 1/4"
finish coat
third coat of plaster, usually about 1/8"
gypsum board lath
an alternate to metal lath; specifically designed for plastering
LC bead
edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound
L bead
edge trim without a back flange; good for installation after the wallboard is in; requires finishing with joint compound
LK bead
edge trim used with a kerfed jamb; requires finishing with joint compound
U bead / J metal
edge trim that does not require finishing with joint compound; has a noticeable edge
dust pressing
tile manufacturing method which uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay
nonvitreous tile
tile with water absorption of more than 7%
semivitreous tile
tile with water absorption between 3% and 7%
vitreous tile
tile with water absorption between .5% and 3%
impervious tile
tile with water absorption less than .5%
cleavage membrane
membrane made up of roofing felt or polyethylene film which allows tile and reinforced mortar bed and the structural floor to move independently of each other
standard terrazzo
the most common type of terrazzo, using chips smaller than 3/8"
venetian terrazzo
type of terrazzo using chips larger than 3/8"
palladiana terrazzo
type of terrazzo using thin random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo
rustic terrazzo
type of terrazzo using a depressed matrix to expose chips
sand cushion method
terrazzo installation method with a reinforced underbed that is physically separated from the structural slab with a membrane; best way to avoid cracking
bonded method
terrazzo installation method with the underbed directly on the structural slab; used when floor movement/deflection is not anticipated
resilient flooring
thin sheet/tile formed under heat and pressure; made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers
vinyl flooring
resilient flooring that is resistant to indentation, abrasion, grease, water, alkalis, and some acids; comes in a variety of colors/patterns; easy to install
rubber flooring
resilient flooring that is comfortable and quiet; not very resistant to oils/grease; hard to clean; can be damaged by indentation of small objects
linoleum
traditional type of sheet flooring made from oxidized linseed oil or other binders, pigments, and fillers applied over a backing of burlap or asphalt-saturated felt; great abrasion and grease resistance, limited resistance to alkalis
cork flooring
tiled flooring material use where acoustical control is desired; not resistant to staining, moisture, heavy loads, or concentrated foot traffic; should only be used above grade; must be sealed/waxed for protection
seamless flooring
resilient floor made up of a resinous matrix, fillers, and decorative materials applied in a liquid or viscous form that cures; extremely hard with high resistance to water, severe stains, and chemicals
binder
the non-volatile part of a paint's vehicle; combines with the body of the paint to form the film of the coating
solvent
the volatile part of a paint's vehicle; dissolves the binder to allow for application of the coating, then evaporates to leave the final finish