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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter |
anything that has mass and volume
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Mass
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amount of substance in an object (often measured in grams)- # of atoms |
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Volume
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amount of space an object takes up (often measured in litres)
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Chemical change
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change in which a NEW substance is produced
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Indicators of chemical change include...
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colour change
gases produced (eg. bubbles in liquid, smoke) wastes created (eg. precipitates) temperature change (exothermic, endothermic) |
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Physical change
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may change in appearance, but NO new substances are produced (eg. ripping paper, change of state, etc)
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Solid
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Mass: constant
Volume: constant Shape: constant |
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Liquid
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Mass: constant
Volume: constant Shape: varied- adapts to container |
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Gas
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Mass: constant
Volume: varied- can compress Shape: varied- adapts to container |
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Particle Model of Matter
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1. all matter is made up of v. small particles
2. there are spaces b/w the particles (the amount of space depends on the state of matter) 3. particles are in constant motion 4. particles are attracted to each other (strength of attraction depends on type of particle) |
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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1. all matter is made up of v. small particles
2. there is empty space between particles 3. particles are in constant motion a) solids- tightly packed, can only vibrate b) liquids- further apart, move by sliding past each other c) gases- even further apart, move around freely 4. energy makes the particles move. More energy--> more motion--> farther apart |
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More Energy...
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Solid --> Liquid= melting
Liquid --> Gas= evaporation Solid --> Gas= sublimination |
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Less Energy...
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Gas --> Liquid= condensation
Liquid --> Solid= solidification Gas --> Solid= deposition |
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Melting Point
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temperature in which solid --> liquid
melting point of water= 0 degrees (quantitative) |
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Freezing Point
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temperature in which liquid --> solid
freezing point of water= 0 degrees (quantitative) |
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Boiling Point
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temperature in which liquid --> gas
boiling point of water= 100 degrees |
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Qualitative properties
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characteristics that can be described, not measured
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State
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solid, liquid, or gas (qualitative)
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Colour
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colour (qualitative)
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Malleability
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having the ability to be beaten into sheets- think "mallet"! (qualitative)
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Ductility
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having the ability to be pulled into wires (qualitative)
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Crystallinity
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having the shape or appearance of crystals (qualitative)
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Magnetism
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having the tendency to be attracted to a magnet (qualitative)
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Quantitative properties
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characteristics that can be measured numerically
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Solubility
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how much something can dissolve in water (quantitative)
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Conductivity
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how much something can conduct electricity or heat (quantitative)
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Viscosity
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how much a liquid or gas resists to flow (quantitative)
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Density
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Ratio of a material's mass to it's volume (quantitative)
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Pure Substances
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substance made up of only one kind of matter
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Element
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances. (eg. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon)
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Compound
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a pure substance made up of at least 2 different elements, chemically combined. (eg. water is a compound, made of both elements oxygen and hydrogen)
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Atom
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the smallest particle of an element (that retains the same characteristics of the element), composed of 3 subatomic particles.
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nucleus
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center of the atom- made up of protons and neutrons. (has an overall positive charge, b/c of proton's positive and neutron's neutral)
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proton
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+1 positive charged subatomic particle, located in the nucleus. proton+neutron=most massive in the atom
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neutron
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+/- 0 neutral charged subatomic particle, located in the nucleus.
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electron
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-1 negatively charged subatomic particle, located in shells/energy levels/clouds around the nucleus
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Atomic Theory
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states that:
1. all matter is made up of small particles called atoms 2. atoms cannot be created or destroyed 3. all atoms of the same element are identical, but are different than atoms of other elements 4. atoms of different elements link together to form compounds 5. the negatively charged parts of the atom are called electrons 6. most of the atom is empty space 7. most of the mass of the atom is found in the nucleus 8. the nucleus has a positive charge 9. the center of the atom contains positively charged protons as well as neutral neutrons. 10. electrons surround the nucleus of the atom in certain energy levels/shells/clouds |
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energy level
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electrons located here (takes up most of space in atom): closer to nucleus=lower energy level, farther from nucleus= higher energy level. NOTE: electrons may MOVE between energy levels
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John Dalton
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- developed first version of atomic theory
- "billiard ball" model: atoms are small hard spheres that are indivisible |
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JJ Thomson
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- discovered negatively charged electrons (proved Dalton's theory wrong--> atoms are made up smaller parts)
- "raisin bun" model: sphere w/ electrons imbeded on all sides |
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Ernest Rutherford
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- "gold foil experiment"--> discovered nucleus and at least 2 kinds of parts inside nucleus (proton and neutron)
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Niels Bohr
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- discovered electrons surrounding in specific levels
- each electron has particular amount of energy - electrons jump from one energy level to another (from low to high) |
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Chemistry
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Matter, chemical changes, and the states of matter are all part of Chemistry. Includes facts and observations about matter, lasws that summarize patterns of behaviour in matter and theories that explain the patterns of behaviour.
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kinetic energy
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is the energy of motion
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condensation
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changing from a gas to a liquid
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solidification
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changing from a liquid to a solid
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sublimation
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changing from a solid to a gas
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deposition
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changing from a gas to a solid
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evaporation
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changing from a liquid to a gas
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melting
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changing from a solid to a liquid
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physical properties
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the characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance
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subatomic particles
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all atoms are made up of three kinds of smaller particles called subatomic particles. These are : protons, neutrons, and electrons
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Order Of Scientists
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John DaIton
J.J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr |
