Bbh 101 Exam #1

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prehistoric period

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period if time: illness caused by evil spirits and treated by trephination

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ancient egypt

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period of time: demons and punishment by the gods caused illness. Sorcery and primitive forms of surgery and hygiene were treatments.

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ancient greece

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period of time: illness caused by an imbalance of bodily humors; good diet and moderation in living would cure it

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Middle ages

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period of time: disease was divine punishment for sings, cured by miraculous intervention, invoking of saints, as well as bloodletting

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ancient rome

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period of time: "pathogens" such as bad air and body humors caused illness. treated by bloodletting, enemas, and baths

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ancient china

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period of time: unbalanced forces of nature caused illness. treated with herbal medicine and acupuncture

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renaissance

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period of time: disease was a physical condition of the body, which was separate from the mind. surgical techniques first used

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1800s

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period of time: disease caused by microscopic organisms. treatment was surgery and immunization

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1920s

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period of time: disease influenced by mind and emotions and treated by psychoanalysis, psychiatry, and other medical methods

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twenty-first century

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period of time: bio psychosocial causes of disease. modern, flexible methods of treatment

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epidemic disease

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a disease that spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community at the same time

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pandemic disease

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a disease that affects people over a large geographical area

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mind-body dualism

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- the philosophical viewpoint that mind and body are separate entities that do not interact
- the belief that the mind and body are autonomous processes, each subject to different laws of causality

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anatomical theory

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the theory that the origins of specific diseases are found in the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the human body

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cellular theory

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the theory that formulated in the 19th century, the theory that disease is the result of abnormalities in body cells

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biomedical model

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this model was the dominant view of 20th century medicine that maintains that illness always has a physical cause

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biopsychosocial model

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this model was the viewpoint that health and other behaviors are determined by the interaction of biological mechanisms, psychological processes, and social influences

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wellness

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the state of optimum health is called....?

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1900

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flu, tuberculosis, gastroenterlitis, diseases of the heart, and vascular lesions of the CNS are all examples of how people died in _______.

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1994

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heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, accidents, Pneumonia/influenza, HIV infections, diabetes mellitus. homicide, and suicide are all examples of how people died in _______.

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acute disorders

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- short term medical illnesses
- examples: tuberculosis, pneumonia, injuries and infections

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chronic disorders

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- slow developing diseases
- often these cannot be cured, only managed
- psychological/social factors are often the causes

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epidemiology

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the scientific study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of a particular disease or other health outcome in a population

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biomedical model

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- focused on illness
- the dominant model for the past 300 years
- all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes

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biomedical model

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these are all limitations of the _____:
1. single factor model (illness is due to one factor- biological malfunction)
2. emphasis on illness over health
3. illness reduced to microlevel (low level) processes, such as chemical imbalances

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bio psychosocial model

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- focuses on the system
- health and illness are consequences of the interplay of:
1. biological
2. psychological
3. social factors

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bio psychosocial model

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these are all advantages of the ______:
1. macrolevel processes (psychological and social factors (social support, depression) are detriments of health just as microlevel processes are
2. multiple factors involved in health and illness

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sympathetic and parasympathetic

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the autonomic nervous system is made up of these two sides

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sympathetic

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examples:
1. dilates pupil of the eye
2. decreases digestive activity
3. relaxes bladder
4. increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles
5. releases energizing sugars (glucose) and fats from storage deposits
6. increases heart rate and breathing rate
7. inhibits sex organ

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parasympathetic

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examples are:
1. constricts pupil of the eye
2. decreases heart rate
3. increases digestive activity
4. contracts bladder
5. stimulates sex organ
6. conserves energy

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sympathetic

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this system of the ANS selectively turns things on that are required for action and turns off things that are better done for other time

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amygdala

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the emergency part of the brain; scrutinizes information for its emotional importance

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amygdala

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the one job of the _____ is to rapidly process incoming information and decide if this is relative to me and if it possesses any harm. and if it does, it will immediately and quickly react to produce a physiological response (called "flight or fight" response, which is a shift toward the sympathetic nervous system)

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cerebral cortex

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- adjusts the reaction, which is using the parasympathetic nervous system
- generates a more complete picture
- it can override signals sent by Amygdala (ex: its only mike in a down coat!)

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endocrine

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this system complements nervous system in controlling bodily activities

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endocrine

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this system governs slow acting, long duration responses

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endocrine

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this system is regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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adrenal glands

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two small glands (top of each kidney) that are each composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

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adrenal medulla

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produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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adrenal cortex

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is stimulated by ACTH (hormone from the pituitary gland) and releases hormones called steroids

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glucocorticoids

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cortisol in humans (cortisol helps you to metabolize glucose and suppresses the immune response)

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biomedical model

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this model assumes that disease is the result of a virus, bacterium, or some other pathogen invading the body.

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biomedical model

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this model embraces both reductionism and mind-body dualism (because it makes no provision for psychological, social, or behavioral factors in illness)

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Freud and Alexander

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these two men promoted the idea that specific diseases could be caused by unconscious conflicts

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central nervous system

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this system consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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has two main divisions:
1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system

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somatic nervous system

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- controls voluntary movements through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- includes the nerves that carry messages from the eyes, ears, and other sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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autonomic nervous system

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- controls the involuntary muscles and endocrine glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- the nerves that link the CNS with the heart, intestines, and other internal organs

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synapses

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communicating connections between neurons (nerve cells)

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autonomic nervous system

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this system is comprised of 2 subdivisions:
1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system

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sympathetic nervous system

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consists of groupings of neuron cell bodies called ganglia that run along the spinal cord and connect to the body's internal organs

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sympathetic

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because all the ______ ganglia are closely linked, they tend to act as a single system, or "in sympathy" with one another

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parasympathetic

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- the ganglia of this nervous system are not closely linked and therefore tend to act more independently

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brainstem

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- the oldest and most central region of the brain
- includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation

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medulla

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the brainstem region that controls heartbeat and breathing

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reticular formation

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a network of neurons running through the brainstem involved with alertness and arousal

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thalamus

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- the brain's sensory switchboard
- located on top of the brainstem, it routes messages to the cerebral cortex

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brainstem

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- part of the brain that controls heartbeat and respiration
- the oldest and most central region of the brain
- controls basic life support functions via the ANS

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cerebellum

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- the part of the brain that regulates muscular coordination
- located at the rear of the brain, this brain structure coordinates voluntary movement and balance

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cerebrum

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- the part of the brain which is the center for information processing
- forms two hemispheres (left and right) that are primarily filled with synaptic connections linking the surface of the brain to its other regions

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limbic system

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- a network of neurons surrounding the central core of the brain
- associated with emotions such as fear and aggression
- includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

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amygdala

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two clusters of neurons in the limbic system that are linked to emotion, especially aggression

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hippocampus

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- a structure in the brain's limbic system linked to memory
- involved in learning and memory

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hypothalamus

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- lying just below the thalamus
- the region of the brain that influences hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior
- helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

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cerebral cortex

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- the thin layer of cells that covers the cerebrum
- the seat of conscious sensation and information processing
- includes areas specialized for triggering movement (motor cortex), sensing touch (sensory cortex), speaking and decision making (frontal lobe), and touch (parietal lobe)

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cerebral cortex

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within the regions of the _______ are the neural centers that give rise to our sensory capacities, skilled motor responses, language ability, and reasoning ability

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hormones

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chemical message, released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, that have an effect on distant organs

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pituitary gland

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- the master endocrine gland controlled by the hypothalamus
- releases a variety of hormones that act on other glands throughout the body

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adrenal glands

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- lies above the kidneys
- the pair of endocrine glands that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol- hormones that arouse the body during moments of stress

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feedback control

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this is an example of ____ ______:
During a stressful moment, the hypothalamus secretes CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) which travels in the bloodstream to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH. ACTH binds to receptor cells on the adrenal cortex, causing this gland to release cortisol into the bloodstream. The increased level of cortisol in the blood acts back on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibit the release of additional CRH and ACTH.

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feedback control

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this is similar to the mechanism by which a household thermostat regulates temperature by turning on or off a furnace or air conditioner as needed

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endocrine

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this system primarily governs slow-acting responses of longer duration

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glucocorticoid

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- cortisol
- helps to reduce swelling and inflammation following an injury

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pituitary glands

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operating under the control of the hypothalamus, these secrete hormones that influence growth, sexual development, reproduction, kidney functioning, and aging.

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stressor

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any event or situation that triggers coping adjustments (normally short lasting events)

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stress

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the process by which we perceive and respond to events (stressors) that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging.

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eustress

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Selye recognized this concept which means that challenging events can lead to growth if they enhance our functioning, such as when lifting weights ultimately improves a persons muscular strength

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central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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the body's overall reaction to stress is regulated by the ______ and ______.

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hypothalamus

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the region of the brain that most directly controls the stress response

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hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical system (HPA)

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the body's delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

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corticosteroids

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hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that fight inflammation, promote healing, and trigger the release of stored energy

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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selye's term for the body's reaction to stress, which consists of 3 stage: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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primary appraisal

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a person's initial determination of an event's meaning, whether irrelevant, benign-positive, or threatening

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secondary appraisal

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a person's determination of whether his or her own resources and abilities are sufficient to meet the demands of an event that is appraised as potentially threatening or challenging

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SAM

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activation of this system leads to increased blood flow to the muscles, increased energy, and higher mental alertness

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hypothalamus

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what controls the reproductive system?

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beliefs

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what can influence available resources?

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ANS

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involuntary muscle movements and the endocrine glands are associated with what?

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amygdala

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scrutinizes information for its emotional importance