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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mechanism of action of gold in treating RA?
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prevents further damage by suppressing macrophages and phagocytes
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What is the DOC for an acute attack of gout?
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colchicine - but NSAIDs (except aspirin) are first line
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Of how many vertebrae is the sacrum comprised?
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5
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What are the three accessory ligaments of the sacrum? What are their attachments?
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sacrotuberus ligament - sacrum to ischial tuberosity
sacrospinous - sacrum to ischial spines iliolumbar - L4,L5, iliac crests, SI joint (true = sacroiliac) |
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What ligaments are usually the first to become tender whenere there is any lumbosacral dysfunction?
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iliolumbar joints
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What are the three functions of the piriformis?
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externally rotate the thigh
extend the thigh abduct the thigh when the hip is flexed |
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What are the nerve root contributions to the lumbar plexus? to the sacral plexus? to the sciatic nerve?
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lumbar: T12-L4
sacral: L4-5; S1-3; part of S4 sciatic: L4-S3 |
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What are the 4 types of sacral motion? Under which conditions are these motions engaged?
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inherent - craniosacral motion
postural - flexion/extension of the torso respiratory - inhalation/exhalation dynamic - movement |
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If L5 is rotated L, what direction will the sacrum be rotated?
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Rotated Right
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If L5 is sidebent R, to what side is there an oblique axis of the sacrum engaged?
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Right axis
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What primary enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is inhibited by ATP and citrate, but activated by AMP and fructose 2,6 diphosphate?
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phosphofructokinase (rate limiting step; fructose 6-P to fuctose 1,6 BP)
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What effect does phosphorylation have on hormone sensitive lipase?
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activates it
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What class of steroid are glycholate and taurocholate? cortisol? DHEAS?
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glycholate and taurocholate - bile acids
cortisol - glucocorticoid DHEAS - androgen |
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What layer of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone? produces cortisol? produces testosterone?
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aldosterone - glomerulosa
cortisol - fasiculata testosterone - reticularis |
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Do the testes make glucocorticoids and aldosterone?
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no!
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In the male peripheral metabolism, to what two types of molecuels is testosterone converted?
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esterone and dihydrosterone
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What cells of the ovary have the same cholesterol-dependent pathywya and the same products of the pathway as the Leydig cells of the testis?
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Theca
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In the granulosa cells of the ovary, to what two molecules is androstenedione directly converted?
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esterone and testosterone
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How does female peripheral metabolism differ from male peripheral metabolism with regard to the cholesterol-dependent products (sex hormones)?
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males - dihydrotestoserone
females - estriol both - androesterone, testosterone, esterone, estrodiol |
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Does the corpus luteum make estrogen?
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nope
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In 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, what major adrenal gland hormone is made abundantly? what major adrenal gland hormones are not made in sufficient quantities?
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excess - aldosterone
not enough - cortisol and testosterone |
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In 21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, what two major adrenal gland hormones are not made in sufficient quantities?
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aldosterone and cortisol
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What two major adrenal gland hormones are not produced sufficiently in 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency?
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aldosterone and cortisol
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Is fat lysis or synthesis stimulated by insulin? by glucagon? by growth hormone?
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insulin - stimulates synthesis
glucagon - fat lysis growth hormone - fat lysis |
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Name the two purines. Name the three pyrimidines?
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purines - adenine and guanine
pyrimidines - cytosine, thymine, uracil |
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In Lesch Nyhan disease, defective hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase results in the inability to salvage purine bases, such that they are degraded to this molecule (which is largely responsible for the symptomology seen with Lesch Nyhan). What is the molecule?
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uric acid
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The segment of bacterial DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes is generally termed what?
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an operon
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How many structural genes may be associated with a promoter in the prokaryotic genome? How many genes may be associated with a promoter in the eukaryotic genome?
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many in prokaryotes
1 in eukaryotes |
