Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Viscerosomatic vs somatovisceral reflexes
|
viscerosomatic- relfex response to visceral stimuli in same segment somatic efferents
somatovisceral- somatic stimuli produce relex same segment visceral effects |
|
|
somatic level of:
kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testis |
kidneys- T10-11
bladder- T12-L2 ovaries and testies- T10-11 |
|
|
Parotid gland innervaton
|
CN IX otic ganglion, rest of glands of head by CN VII via submndibular and pterygopalantine
|
|
|
Effect of autonomics on bladder
|
detrusor- sympathetics relax (hold it), parasympathetcis contract (let it out)
Trigone (sphinchter)- SNS contract, PNS relax |
|
|
Drugs that make you hallucinate, think induced schizophrenia, affect which recetpros?
|
LSD, serotongergic
|
|
|
Opiods act by..
|
stimulatin Gi proteins, inhibiting adenylate cyclase
|
|
|
ketamine
|
is an NMDA antagonist, blocking glutamate affects, also dopamine partial agonist promotes hallucinations
|
|
|
Partial opiod agonists
|
pentazocine, agonist and antagonist at different receptors
|
|
|
TCAs
|
amitryptilane, and the pramines, block reuptake of NE and serotonin, also significant antimuscarinic affects
|
|
|
SSRIs
|
fluoxetine, citalopram, sertaline
|
|
|
Buproprion
|
atypical antidepressant works to block reuptake on NE and dopamine with twice as much effect on the latter
|
|
|
Mood stabilizer MOAs
lamotrigine, topiramate, valproic acid, carbamazepine |
lamotringe- inhibits voltage gated sodium channels prolongs relative regfratory period
topiramate- enhances GABA, hyperpolarizes neuron, same as carbamesapine Gabapentin and valproic acid also have GABA related effects |
|
|
Benzos MOA
|
bind to receptors inbrain, enhances GABA action, useful for anxiety, sedation and anticonvultants
chlordiazepoxide for alcohol withdrwaal |
|
|
Buspirone
|
non-benzo axiolytic, little sedation or dependnace, stimulates 5HT-1 receptors,
|
|
|
Barbs
|
increases GABA by interfereing with Na/K transport, don't use with prophrria, more side effects
phenobarb, thioental |
|
|
chloral hydrate
|
derivative of acetaldehyde, converted to trichloethanol in body, induces sleep early
|
|
|
Antihistamines, MOA, receptors affected, ADRs
|
MOA- block histamine receptors
H1- nasal and bronhil secretion and constricito H2- gastric acid secretion ADRs- fatigue, dizzines, vision probs, anticholingergic |
|
|
2nd gen antihistamines
|
loratidine, -adines, do not cross BBB, predispose to torsades, npot for use with macrolides, ketoconazole, not for BPH, bladder onbsruction or narrow angle glaucoma (antimuscarinic affects)
|
|
|
Significance of MAC in anesthesia
|
inhaled anesthetics, defines potency, low MAC = high potency, minimum alveolar concetration needed to sedate
|
|
|
Halogenated anesthetics
|
all hepatotoxic, increase risk of malignant hyperthermia
enhance K leakage from cells, causing neuron depression |
|
|
Halogenated anesthetics toxicities
|
halothane- liver toxic, lots of tox, vagomimmetic, malignant HTN, arryhtmias
enflurane- toxic metabolites to kidneys, CNS excitation ath high doses, less severe as halothane isoflurane- much less toxic, little metabolism desflurane and sevoflurane are preffered, shorter effergence, sevo- nephrotoxic metabolites, desflurane not renal toxic |
|
|
N2O
|
anesthetic, potent analgesic, least hepatotoxic
|
|
|
IV anesthetics, why is propofol better?
|
hihg lipid solubility, good for induction, stimulates GABA, does not remain in tissues (unlike thiopental), good recovery (less drowsiness)
ketamine blocks NMDA receptor causing CNS depression, brochodilator |
|
|
Spinal vs. epidural anesthesia vs. nerve block
|
spinal- agent into dural sac of lower spinal cord segment
epidural continuous infusion of anesthetic into epidurla space, continuous intesne anesthesia nerve block- injecting anesthetic agent into a bundle of nerves to provide local |
|
|
Local anesthetics
|
procaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine and lidocaine, block sodium cahannels of small unmyelinated nerve fibers,
|
|
|
DOC for amebiasis
|
metronidzole
|
|
|
Infective form of chlamiydia
|
elemebtary body
|
|
|
spine of scapula at what level
|
T3
|
|
|
5 structures of a typical rib
|
shaft, tubercle, angle, head and neck
|
|
|
Characteristic of strep viridans
|
most common cause of bacteial endocarditis, bile insoluble, optochin insensitive, alhpa hemolytic
|
|
|
Crigler-Najjar and Gilbert vs. Rotor and Dubin-Johnson
|
Crigler-Najar and Givber- defect in UGDPRt, can't conjugate bilirbuin
Rotor and Dubin Johnson elevated conjugated, can't move it out of hepatocytes into bile |
|
|
HIV protein resposbile for binding CD4 receptor? fusion to cell?
|
gp120, gp41
|
|
|
germ tubes and pseudohyphae on vag swab =
|
vaginal candiasis
|
|
|
life cycle of plasmodium
|
sporozoites migrate to lvier become metrozoites and then rleased and etner RBCs, reproduces i trophozoite form and lyse RBCs, starts over
|
|
|
Causative agent of Kala-Azar
|
Leismania tx is sodium stibogluconate
|
|
|
Schistosoma settles in...
|
veins of GI system
|
|
|
Km is high then affinity is...
|
low
|
|
|
Antibody that can cross placenta?
|
IgG
|
|
|
letospira interrogans
|
water w/ rat pee, tx is pen G
|
|
|
Most common side effect of cisplatin? cyclphosphomide? bleomycin
|
belo- pulm fibr
cyclophosmopahe- hemorrhgaic cystitis cisplatin- neuropathy and nephropathy |
|
|
triad of pellagra
|
dementia, dermaitis, diarrhea
|
|
|
Von Gierke enzyme
|
glucose-6 phosphatase deficiency, can't break down glycogen, severe fasting hypoglycemia
|
|
|
Blindness, cherry read macula, Jewish sphinocolipodisis?
|
Tay-Sachs
|
|
|
Lead inhibits which steps of heme synthesis
|
conversion of delta ALA to porphyringen and protoporprhyrin to heme
|
|
|
DOC fror trichomonas
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
MOA of gold in RA
|
decreases lysosomal enzyme activity of phagocytes
|
|
|
3 functions of piriformis
|
external rotation, abduciton and extension
|
|
|
4 types of sacral motion
|
inherent (cranial), respiratory, postural (base posterior w/ flexion, dynamic (engaged on weight bearing side)
|
|
|
Sidebending and rotation of L5 in relation to sacrum
|
sacrum rotates opposite L5, L5 sidebends to engage oblique axis
|
|
|
cholate drugs?
|
bile acids
|
|
|
what cells have same pathway and proucs as Leydig cells of the testes?
|
Theca cells
|
|
|
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency results in
|
increased aldosterone with decreased cortisol and sex hormones
|
|
|
21 alpha hydroxylase deficieny
|
inadequte alodsterone and cortisol
|
|
|
11-B hdroxylase deficiency
|
decreased cortisol and aldosterone leads to increased sex hormones but still get deoxycortisone mineralocorticoid effect
|
|
|
Primase, helicase and ligase
|
primase RNA polymerase that copies parental strant
helicase- binds to single strangs, separtes DNA ligase- joins Okazaki fragments |
|
|
DNA polmerases
|
alpha- RNA priase
beta- DNA repair via excision gamma- 3'-5' exonuclease proofreeding |
|
|
Bacterial polymerases
|
I- cannot repair, creastes primer
II- DNA repiar enzyme, 3' exonuclease III- major DNA polymerase |
|
|
Extracellular electrolyte concentrations
|
high Na, Ca, low K
PO4 and proteins higher in the cell |
|
|
Tight junctions vs. gap junctions
|
tight junction are attachemets, may act as pathway fo certain solutes frin cell to cell
gap junction always allow passage of current and or ion from cell to cell |
|
|
2 types of diffusion
|
simple diffusion and facilitated transport
simple i down concentration gradient through cell membrane or through a channel (can be voltage or chemical gated channels) facilitted- requires carrier protein, molecule binds and carried across (GLUT transporters) |
|
|
Primary vs. secondary active transport
|
pirmary requires energy derived from ATP
secondary is energy attained from energy stored via moving down another molecules gradient |
|
|
Action potential
|
inward current of sodium causes change in membrane potential causing depolarization undril it reaches threashold voltage causing rapid influx of Na, K channels slowly open leading to K exiting until it reaches equilibrium with inacitaion of Na channels, as K continues to leave there can be a hyperpolarization
|
|
|
Absolute vs. relative refractory period
|
absolute- closure of Na inactivation gates, won;t reopen until resting membrane potential is attained
relative refractoy- during hyperpolarizaiton, large enough action potential that surpasses the K efflux stimulates action potential |
|
|
Chloride channels
|
In CNS, inhibtiroy ynpases oepn these channle sinstead of Na cahnnels, allows for chloride entry, presynpatic HABA also causes this results in hyperpolarization
|
|
|
Nerve fiber types
|
Alpha motor- largest and fastest, beta touch fibers in the middle also muscle spindle gamma neurons
pai n afferents are small with medium conduction slowest conductance is in post-ganglionic fibers of the ANS |
|
|
Transmission of action potential
|
action potential reaches presynaptic terminal bulb causing calciu entry, leading to exocytosis of NTs, inhibitory hyperpolarizes, excitatory depolarizes
|
|
|
Excitatory NTs
|
ACh, Epi, norepi, 5HT, glutamate, dopamine
|
|
|
inhibitory NTs
|
glycine, GABA
|
|
|
Dopamine receptors
|
D1- activates adenylyl cyclase, increased Ca entry
D2 inhibits |
|
|
Removal of catecholamines from synpase
|
MAO and COMT enzymes
|
|
|
ACh in the CNS
|
secreteded largely by pyramidal cells of the motor cortex. also basal ganglia, motor neurons, pre- post synaptics in ANS, sweat glands and piloertctors
|
|
|
Parasymapthetic preganglionics are carried by..
|
CN II, VII, IX and X, and sacral S2-4
SNS- T1-L2 |
|
|
Sweat glands and piloerector muscle innervation
|
innervated by the SNS, NT released by these is ACh
|
|
|
Beta 1 vs. Beta 2 locations
|
B1- epi = NE, cardiac muscle, beta islet cells (insulin release), adipocytes
B2- bind EPI > NE, coronary arteries, bloos vessels in skeletal muscle, bile ducts, liver, bronchi, uterus |
|
|
Alpha 1 vs. Alpha 2
|
alpha 1 - Epi = NE, lots of places
alpha 2- beta islet cells, presynaptics of SNS and CNS |
|
|
M 1,3,5 vs. M2,4
|
M 1,3,5- actiavte PLC, IP3, DAG increased Ca, Gq
M2,4- inhibit adenyly cyclase binds Gi, decreases cAMP inhibits Ca channels and allows K efflux |
|
|
Different G protein receptors
|
Gq- PLC -> IP3, DAG
Gi- inhibits adenyll cyclase, decreases cAMP Gs- actiavtes adenlyl cyclase Go- inhibits neuronal Ca |
|
|
M3 receptors present in...
|
eye (miosis, ciliary muscle, lung, GI/GU (motlitlity, secretion, micutration, sphincter relaxation, Gq activation
|
|
|
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, major action of each and G protein
|
alpha 1- GI inhibiton and vasoconstriciton, Gi
alpha 2- decreased insulin release, increased coag, Gi beta 1- Gs, heart and kidney, adipocytes Beta 2 Gs, vasodialtion, bronchodilation |
|
|
Beta 2 action on liver
|
glucose release, opposed by M3 eads to glycogen syntehsis
|
