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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a child has been seizing for ______minutes, they should be taken to the hospital to prevent brain injury:
a) 60 b) 1 c) 30 d) 5 e) 15 |
e) 15
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The following is an unfortunate consequence of prolonged seizures and brain plasticity:
a) the brain can “learn” to seizure as a result b) there are no consequences to a prolonged seizure c) the brain easily bounces back from a seizure d) damage is reversed e) one time seizures have no long term effects |
a) the brain can “learn” to seizure as a result
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Petit mal seizures:
a) may look behaviorally like inattention in children b) often go undiagnosed c) are an “absence” seizure d) are characterized by a brief, sudden lapse of conscious activity e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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Children are particularly vulnerable to damage from repeated seizures because:
a) they have immature glia b) there is a decreased transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier c) they misbehave d) a & b only e) all of the above |
d) a & b only
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The following is a cause of epilepsy:
a)Migration disorders during development (e.g., tangling of axons) b)Encephalitis c)Prolonged febrile convulsions d)Abnormal genes e)all of the above |
e)all of the above
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__________ seizures are characterized by the gradual loss of GABA-ergic surround inhibition.
a. comprehensive b. intermittent c. generalized d. partial e. none of the above |
d. partial
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These types of seizures may involve disturbances of consciousness, emotion or perception and are often confused with mental illness.
a. occipital b. nuclear c. temporal lobe d. paradoxical e. hypothalamic |
c. temporal lobe
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In generalized seizures __________ is preserved.
a. serotonergic excitation b. thalamic action potentials c. GABA-ergic inhibition d. REM sleep e. electrical current flow |
c. GABA-ergic inhibition
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Children are at greater risk for seizure-related damage because of __________ and decreased transport of __________ across the blood brain barrier.
a. immature glia, glucose b. small brains, oxygen c. afterhyperpolarization, CO2 d. all of the above e. none of the above |
a. immature glia, glucose
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The __________ is characterized by low neuronal activity, metabolic rate and brain temperature.
a. Non-REM sleep b. REM sleep c. sleep paralysis d. circadian rhythm e. dream sleep |
a. Non-REM sleep
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__________ seizures are characterized by the gradual loss of GABA-ergic surround inhibition.
a. comprehensive b. intermittent c. generalized d. partial e. none of the above |
d. partial
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These types of seizures may involve disturbances of consciousness, emotion or perception and are often confused with mental illness.
a. occipital b. nuclear c. temporal lobe d. paradoxical e. hypothalamic |
c. temporal lobe
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In generalized seizures __________ is preserved.
a. serotonergic excitation b. thalamic action potentials c. GABA-ergic inhibition d. REM sleep e. electrical current flow |
c. GABA-ergic inhibition
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Children are at greater risk for seizure-related damage because of __________ and decreased transport of __________ across the blood brain barrier.
a. immature glia, glucose b. small brains, oxygen c. afterhyperpolarization, CO2 d. all of the above e. none of the above |
a. immature glia, glucose
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The __________ is characterized by low neuronal activity, metabolic rate and brain temperature.
a. Non-REM sleep b. REM sleep c. sleep paralysis d. circadian rhythm e. dream sleep |
a. Non-REM sleep
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The _________________________ keeps us awake.
a). frontal cortex b). papillary light reflex c). rostral reticular formation of the brainstem d). subiculum e). none of the above |
c). rostral reticular formation of the brainstem
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Infants sleep about
a). 17-18 hrs /day b). 4-6 hrs/day c). 24 hrs/day d). not as much as parents would like e). infants never sleep |
a). 17-18 hrs /day
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Rats deprived of sleep die in
a). 6-5 years b). 5-4 weeks c). 2-3 weeks d). rats never die e). none of the above |
c). 2-3 weeks
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Which of the following is a cause of epilepsy?
a). Single or multiple abnormal genes b). Migration disorders during development c). Tumors / trauma d). Prolonged febrile convulsions e). all the above |
e). all the above
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Which type of seizure is also known as an "absence seizure” and is characterized by a staring spell?
a). petit mal b). grand mal c). Jacksonian d). psychomotor e). temporal-lobe seizure |
a). petit mal
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What is the type of seizure that originates in a small group of neurons with symptomatology dependent on the location within the brain?
a) generalized b) partial c) focused d) lateral e) unclassified |
b) partial
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_______ are symptoms preceeding the onset of a partial seizure and include abnormal sensations, fear, or even a specific odor.
a) spikes b) negative symptoms c) auras d) atonics e) field potentials |
c) auras
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Each neuron within a seizure focus has a stereotypic and synchronized electrical response called?
a) Todd paralysis b) Jacksonian march c) mesial temporal sclerosis d) paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) e) montage |
d) paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS)
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What is the phenomenon where excessive stimulation of the glutaminergic receptors leads to neuronal damage or death?
a) excitotoxicity b) kindling c) tottering d) reeler e) doublecortin |
a) excitotoxicity
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What is the name of the sleep disorder characterized by immediate transition into REM sleep?
a) atonia b) narcolepsy c) insomnia d) parasomnia e) somniphobia |
b) narcolepsy
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Depriving rats of sleep for 2-3 weeks results in
a. Better to responses to behavioral condition b. Better long-term memory c. Better short-term memory d. Death e. Increased attentional capacity |
d. Death
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Sleep deprivation in humans can result in
a. Seizures b. Deterioration of behavior c. Hallucinations d. Increased cognitive abilities e. A, B and C |
e. A, B and C
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________________ is disorder that results in a chronic pattern of
seizures over time. a. Depression b. Epilepsy c. Huntington's disease d. Parkinson's disease e. Narcolepsy |
b. Epilepsy
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Patients with this disorder immediately fall into REM sleep.
a. Depression b. Huntington's disease c. Parkinson's disease d. Epilepsy e. Narcolepsy |
e. Narcolepsy
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1. Which of the following is true of epilepsy in humans?
a. About 5 % of the population has it. b. It is diagnosed most often in middle aged men. c. Many cases can be effectively treated with benzodiazepines. d. About 3% of the population that lives to age 80 has it. e. C and D |
e. C and D
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Generalized seizures:
a. Have normal thalamocortical activity b. Exhibit clonic movements, defined as jerking of the extremities. c. Have localized behavior or aura d. Involve only one hemisphere e. John Hughlings Jackson cured generalized seizures by resection of the cortex. |
b. Exhibit clonic movements, defined as jerking of the extremities.
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3. Partial seizures can develop
a. From failure of surround inhibition b. From excessive amounts of GABA c. Chronic changes in the dendritic structure of the cranial nerves d. Almost continuous firing of low-frequency action potentials e. Modern science still has no understanding of this phenomenon |
a. From failure of surround inhibition
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4. Which of the following can be confused with mental illness?
a. Jacksonian march b. Tonic-clonic seizures c. Temporal lobe seizures d. Paroxysmal depolarizing shifts e. None of the above |
c. Temporal lobe seizures
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5. Non-REM sleep
a. has high sympathetic activity b. occupies 70% of infant sleeping c. includes complex dreams d. is characterized by intact muscle tone and reflexes e. All of the above |
d. is characterized by intact muscle tone and reflexes
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The amygdale receives which type(s) of input?
a). immediate sensory input b). highly processed input from inferior temporal lobe c). the amygdala does not receive input d). a and b only e). none of the above; |
d). a and b only
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The hypothalamus
a). coordinates autonomic and somatic responses b). coordinates episodic memory c). is responsible for conscious social behavior d). is implicated in Grote’s Sy |
a). coordinates autonomic and somatic responses
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The projection from the central nucleus of the amygdale to the central gray area is responsible for
a). laughter b). panting c). ulcers d). paleness e). freeze response; |
e). freeze response;
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The ventromedial frontal cortex
a). is responsible for controlling fluid flow in the ventricles b). is a source of cognitive control of emotional responses c). modulates medial affect d). controls neural networks of the heart e). none of the above; |
b). is a source of cognitive control of emotional responses
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Which hormone acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and stimulate metabolic rate?
a). testosterone b). leptin c). leprechaun d). hypothalmarone e). progesterone; |
b). leptin
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Virtually all visceral reflexes are mediated by local circuits in the __________ and __________.
a. cerebral cortex, orbitofrontal lobe b. brain stem, spinal cord c. arms, legs d. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle e. nucleus, mitochondria; |
b. brain stem, spinal cord
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The hypothalamus coordinates behavioral response to insure bodily __________.
a. chaos b. functions c. systems d. homeostasis e. readiness; |
d. homeostasis
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__________ are states of autonomic, endocrine and skelemotor systems involved in general and specific arousal while __________ involve conscious perception of emotional states.
a. emotions, feelings b. feelings, thoughts c. simulations, adaptations d. all of the above e. none of the above |
a. emotions, feelings
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The goal of arousal is to enhance __________ and ____________.
a. perception, response b. senses, cognitions c. emotions, feelings d. eyesight, hearing e. control, introspection; |
a. perception, response
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Feelings and emotional states are most likely the result of __________ between top-down and bottom-up processing.
a. opposition b. discrimination c. separation d. interplay e. dichotomy; |
d. interplay
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The ______ motor system has both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.
a) somatic b) autonomic c) enteric d) alpha e) voluntary; |
b) autonomic
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The hypothalamus plays a regulatory role in which of the following?
a) body temperature b) energy metabolism c) blood pressure d) stress response e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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Emotional states are mediated primarily by which of the following subcortical structures?
a) amygdala b) brain stem c) hypothalamus d) all of the above e) none of the above |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following structures of the Limbic System is engaged in emotional processing and evaluation of the relevance of stimuli?
a) hippocampus b) cingulate gyrus c) amygdala d) anterior thalamus e) ventromedial cortex ; |
c) amygdala
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Which area of the brain is the suspected site where cocaine and amphetamines exert their actions?
a) nucleus accumbens b) locus ceruleus c) ventral tegmental area d) orbitofrontal cortex e) amygdale ; |
a) nucleus accumbens
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The _____________ motor system is a visceral sensory and motor
system that is (with few expections) entirely involuntary. a. Somatic b. Synchronic c. Autonomic d. Central e. Lomas ; |
c. Autonomic
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Walter B. Cannon claimed that this subcomponent of the autonomic
nervous system governs the emergency "fight-or-flight" reaction. a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Sympathetic nervous system c. Somatic nervous system d. Central nervous system e. None of the above; |
b. Sympathetic nervous system
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This structure is essential for the formation of declarative,
episodic memories. a. Hippocampus b. Hypothalamus c. Thalamus d. Cerebellum e. None of the above; |
a. Hippocampus
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A frontal lobotomy would lesion this area of cortex.
a. Ventrolateral cortex b. Orbitofrontal cortex c. Cerebellum d. Temporal Lobe e. Occipital Lobe |
b. Orbitofrontal cortex
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The _______________ seems to be critical for functions controlling
food intake. a. Primary visual cortex b. Fusiform Facial Area c. Hypothalamus d. Parietal Cortex e. None of the above; |
c. Hypothalamus
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1. The location of the sympathetic nervous system outputs are in the ____________ region of the spinal cord while the parasympathetic outputs are located in the _______________ region.
a. Thoracolumbar, sacral b. Cranial, caudal c. Sacral, thoracolumbar d. Hypothalamus, amygdale |
a. Thoracolumbar, sacral
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2. Visceral information enters the brain through the nucleus of the ____________.
a. Hypothalamus b. Hippocampus c. Amygdala d. Solitary tract e. Parasympathetic nervous system ; |
d. Solitary tract
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3. Which area of the brain mediates both instinctive and acquired emotional responses?
a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. Mammillary body e. Fornix ; |
a. Amygdala
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4. Which of the following are roles of the amygdala?
a. Classical trace conditioning b. Associative learning with positive stimuli c. Context conditioning d. Emotional learning e. All of the above ; |
e. All of the above ;
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5. The effects of a prefrontal lobotomy were reduced aggressiveness and _______
a. A diminished fear response b. Reduced emotional responsiveness c. A bottle in front of me d. A loss of emotional control e. None of the above ; |
b. Reduced emotional responsiveness
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