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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypotonia is a disorder of the cerebellum that is characterized by
a). increased water retention b). diminished resistance to passive limb movement c). muscle hypertrophy d). tone deafness e). none of the above |
b). diminished resistance to passive limb movement
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Damage to the cerebellum may contribute to various cognitive functions and mental disorders including which of the following?
a). HIV b). cerebelleruritis c). cerebral palsy d). schizophrenia e). none of the above |
d). schizophrenia
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Cerebellum damage affects which of the following?
a). spatial accuracy b) temporal coordination of movement c). hearing d). taste e). a and b only |
e). a and b only
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One way to treat severe childhood epilepsy is to
a). remove one hemisphere of the cerebellum b). remove the child’s tongue c). remove the child’s prefrontal cortex d). lobotomy e). none of the above |
e). none of the above
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In the cerebellum, the __________ contains most of the efferent projections.
a. declive b. cranial nerve c. hypothalamus d. superior cerebellar peduncle e. midbrain |
d. superior cerebellar peduncle
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Which of the following is one of the 5 types of neurons found in the cerebellar cortex?
a. Purkinje b. inhibitory stellate c. Golgi d. all of the above e. none of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following is NOT true about the Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum:
a. Purkinje cells have large cell bodies b. output is excitatory c. output is mediated by GABA d. it consists of a single layer of cell bodies e. output is inhibitory |
b. output is excitatory
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In cerebellar function, the thalamus is the gateway to these two areas of the cerebral cortex:
a. occipital and temporal lobes b. primary and premotor cortices c. pons and medulla d. spinal cord and peripheral nerves e. none of the above |
b. primary and premotor cortices
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Activity in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum is __________ when a subject is mentally active during movement.
a. significantly greater b. signficantly less c. about the same d. irrelevant e. intermittent |
a. significantly greater
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1. Which is a true statement regarding the anatomy of the cerebellum?
a. It has a right and left hemisphere. b. There is a right and left cortex c. The cerebellar cortex is a long sheet, about 6 feet in length d. It has 3 lobes e. Both a and d |
e. Both a and d
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1. Which is a true statement regarding the anatomy of the cerebellum?
a. It has a right and left hemisphere. b. There is a right and left cortex c. The cerebellar cortex is a long sheet, about 6 feet in length d. It has 3 lobes e. Both a and d |
e. Both a and d
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2. The following is a true statement regarding the flocculonodular lobe
a. It appeared first in fish b. In higher vertebrates its function is limited to controlling balance and eye movements c. Is also known as the vestibulocerebellum d. Its cortex receives input directly from primary vestibular afferents. e. All of the above. |
e. All of the above.
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3. The cerebellar cortex is organized into ______ layers and contains _____ types of neurons
a. 3, 5 b. 5,3 c. 3, 6 d. 5, 6 e. None of the above |
a. 3, 5
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4. Dysmetria is defined as:
a. Lack of coordination b. Error in range and direction of movement c. Errors in the rate and regularity of movements d. Failure to sustain a regular rhythm e. Inability to dance |
b. Error in range and direction of movement
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5. In cerebellar purkinje cells spontaneous activity in mossy fibers produces _______ spikes. Climbing fibers evoke _______ spikes
a. Simple, complex b. Hypertonic, hypotonic c. Complex, simple d. Atrial, ventricular e. The depolarizations of these cells are identical |
a. Simple, complex
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Although the cerebellum constitutes only 10% of the brain's volume,
it contains roughly ___________ of the brain's neurons. a. One-third b. One-half c. Two-halves d. One fourth e. One-tenth |
b. One-half
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Damage to the cerebellum impairs which of the following functions?
a. Spatial accuracy of muscle movement b. Strength of muscle contraction c. Thresholds of muscle contraction d. Temporal coordination of muscle movement e. A and D |
e. A and D
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The _____________ regulates balance and eye movements.
a. Vestibulecerebellum b. Cerebrocerebellum c. Cerebellarcerebellum d. Spinocerebellum e. None of the above |
a. Vestibulecerebellum
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This disorder results in oscillations of movement corrections due to
a loss of feed-forward anticipatory control. a. Dyslexia b. Hypotonia c. Dysmetria d. Disengagment e. None of the above |
c. Dysmetria
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The cerebellum was initially thought to be involved in ___________;
modern researchers think the cerebellum may also be involved in ___________ as well. a. Planning; motor movement b. Motor movement; motor movement c. Cognitive functioning; motor functioning d. Motor functioning; cognitive functioning e. None of the above |
d. Motor functioning; cognitive functioning
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Which of the following is a functional role of the cerebellum in the motor system?
a) adjusts ongoing motor program b) evaluates differences between intention and action c) participates in motor learning d) all of the above e) none of the above |
d) all of the above
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What is the name of the zone located in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum that controls posture, locomotion, and gaze?
a) intermediate zone b) lateral zone c) vermis d) flocculus e) nodulus |
c) vermis
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Climbing fibers are axons from cells in the:
a) Golgi interneurons b) mossy fibers c) deep cerebellar neurons d) precerebellular nucleus e) inferior olivary nucleus |
e) inferior olivary nucleus
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Damage to the cerebellum would NOT affect which of the following?
a) working memory b) strength of muscle contraction c) sensory thresholds d) temporal coordination of movement e) both b and c |
e) both b and c
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What is the name of the cerebellular disorder that refers to a lack of coordinated movement with overshoot or undershoot of the intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye?
a) dyschronometria b) dysmetria c) hypotonia d) dysdiadochokinesia e) asynergy |
b) dysmetria
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Which of the following are nuclei in the basal ganglia?
a) globus pallidus b) substantia nigra c) striatum d) subthalamic nuclei e) All of the above |
e) All of the above
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Within the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry, the indirect pathway provides ___________ feedback and __________ movement activity in the cortex.
a) positive, facilitates b) negative, inhibits c) positive, inhibits d) negative, facilitates e) none of the above |
b) negative, inhibits
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Huntington's disease is a hyperkinetic disorder characterized by:
a) excessive movement b) diminished movement c) akinesia d) bradykinesia e) both c and d |
a) excessive movement
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Symptoms such as tremors, flexed posture, slowness of movement, and a mask-like facial expression is indicative of which of the following disorders?
a) Huntington's disease b) Parkinson's disease c) achromatopsia d) aponeuroses e) Meniere disease |
b) Parkinson's disease
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In Huntington's disease, sustained extracellular release of glutamate stimulates an excess influx of ____________, which activates proteases and free radicals that cause tissue damage.
a) potassium b) chloride c) sodium d) calcium e) magnesium |
d) calcium
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What role do basal ganglia play in motor movement?
a. Positive feedback for movement control b. Negative feedback for movement control c. Hold feedforward programs for muscle movement d. Both A and B e. None of the above |
d. Both A and B
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) What role do basal ganglia play in cognition?
a. Helps regulate emotion and thought b. Helps regulate global scene processing c. Causes involuntary shifts of spatial attention d. Causes inhibition of return in attention e. None of the above |
a. Helps regulate emotion and thought
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This disorder of the basal ganglia results in tremor and slowed
movement from lack of dopamine. a. Huntington's Disease b. Alzheimer's Disease c. Manic-depression d. Parkinson's Disease e. None of the above |
d. Parkinson's Disease
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This disorder of the basal ganglia results in chorea, dementia,
psychological disturbance and ultimately death. a. Huntington's Disease b. Alzheimer's Disease c. Manic-depression d. Parkinson's Disease e. None of the above |
a. Huntington's Disease
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The orbito-frontal circuit of the basal ganglia is implicated in:
a. Empathy b. Understanding socially appropriate behavior c. Working memory d. None of the above e. Both A and B |
e. Both A and B
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The motor functions of the basal ganglia are mediated, in large part, by motor areas of the __________:
a. vestibular system b. cerebellum c. frontal cortex d. spine e. motor cortex |
c. frontal cortex
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All of the following are principle nuclei of the basal ganglia except:
a. globus pallidus b. substantia nigra c. dentate nucleus d. striatum e. subthalamic nucleus |
c. dentate nucleus
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Projections from the cortex and thalamus to the basal ganglia are __________:
a. dopaminergic b. glutaminergic c. serotonergic d. all of the above e. none of the above |
b. glutaminergic
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__________ refers to increased inhibition of thalamocortical and midbrain neurons.
a. hypokinesis b. hyperkinesis c. tremor d. motor learning e. motor circuit dysfunction |
b. hyperkinesis
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The __________ of the basal ganglia is associated with empathy and socially appropriate behavior.
a. medullary reticular formation b. lateral orbitofrontal circuit c. climbing fiber activity d. skeletomotor circuit e. none of the above. |
b. lateral orbitofrontal circuit
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1. Most activity in the basal ganglia is initiated
a. by the cortex b. in the cerebellum c. in the globus pallidus d. in the midbrain e. none of the above |
a. by the cortex
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. Akinesia is a sign of Parkinson disease. What does akinesia mean?
a. Apathy b. Impulsivity c. Emotional instability d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder e. Impaired initiation of movement |
e. Impaired initiation of movement
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3. In the non-motor circuits of the basal ganglia the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit is
a. active in “executive function” and working memory b. active in empathy and socially appropriate behavior c. linked to the amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex d. none of the above e. all of the above |
a. active in “executive function” and working memory
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Parkinson disease affects
a. About 100,000 people in the US b. About one million people in the US c. About 20 million people in the US d. Primarily Korean War veterans e. Most of us have it a little bit |
b. About one million people in the US
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. Glutamate-induced neuronal death can result from
a. Huntington’s disease b. stroke c. brain injury d. status epilepticus e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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What famous entertainer has/had Huntington’s disease?
a. Woody Harrelson b. Arlo Guthrie c. Rush Limbaugh d. Woody Guthrie e. Woody Woodpecker |
d. Woody Guthrie
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The Basal Ganglia helps modulate and control:
a) muscle movement b) emotions c) thought d) none of the above e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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Disorders/emotional symptoms related to dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia include all of the following except for:
a)Apathy b)Impulsivity c)Narcissistic Personality Disorder d)Emotional lability e)OCD |
c)Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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There are how many main, central control loops in the motor system?
a)2 b)5 c)1 d)6 e)10 |
a)2
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The Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum have the following in common:
a)They are implicated in motor control. b)They are implicated in cognitive control. c)They are involved in the two main central control loops in the motor system, though also connect with non-motor areas in the frontal cortex. d)all of the above |
d)all of the above
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The Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit is implicated in:
a)Empathy and socially appropriate behavior b)Executive functions c)Fine motor movements d)Gross motor movements e)Speech |
b)Executive functions
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The Locus Coeruleus is responsible for
a). vigilance and general arousal b). cholinergic stimulation c). muscle contraction d). nausea reflex e). none of the above |
a). vigilance and general arousal
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The ventral tegmental area is
a). part of the consciousness system b). part of the respiratory system c). part of the reward pathway d). all of the above |
c). part of the reward pathway
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The medial forebrain bundle, when stimulated results in a
a). painful effect b). increased attention c). rewarding effect d). increased drowsiness e). none of the above |
c). rewarding effect
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Serotonogic systems are implicated in
a). Sleep and wake cycles b). brainstem regulation c). saccade effects d). heart beat modulation e). None of the above |
a). Sleep and wake cycles
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A present belief regarding consciousness is that
a). it does not exist b). it cannot be studied neuroscientifically c). it is increased upon death d). it requires a functional cerebral cortex e). none of the above |
d). it requires a functional cerebral cortex
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