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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the retina, _________ cells are excitatory while __________ cells are inhibitory.
a. cGMP, gCMP b. simple, complex c. bipolar, amacrine d. F, Z e. none of the above |
c. bipolar, amacrine
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On-center and off-center bipolar cells establish these for the signal of a single cone.
a. receptive fields b. binding mechanisms c. photoreceptors d. parallel pathways e. a & c |
d. parallel pathways
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This nucleotide plays a central role in phototransduction.
a. FNP b. oxytocin c. vasopressin d. cGMP e. LLL |
d. cGMP
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Light evokes a __________ in cGMP, resulting in the closure of ion channels in the photoreceptor.
a. decrease b. increase c. hyperpolarization d. equalizing action e. none of the above |
a. decrease
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In the visual cortex, these are linked by horizontal connections.
a. sequential processes b. orientation columns c. retinotopic maps d. all of the above e. none of the above |
b. orientation columns
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the axons of what cell forms the optic nerve?
a). bipolar cells b). horizontal cells c). amacrine cells d). Output ganglion cells e). none of the above |
d). Output ganglion cells
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The cells in primary visual cortex are sensitive to
a). faces b). orientation of bars c). noise d). insults e). remarks about their figure. |
b). orientation of bars
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Complex cells respond to
a). movement across the receptive field b). flattery c). faces d). scent e). none of the above. |
a). movement across the receptive field
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Blobs are known for their involvement in
a). lazing around and watching the tube b). retinal upkeep c). hallucinations d). color detection e). none of the above |
d). color detection
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Horizontal connections may mediate the
a). horses in the forest illusion b). stars in the sky illusion c). absolute value illusion d). monster in the closet illusion e). Laplace’s illusion. |
a). horses in the forest illusion
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What is the cell type in the retina that has large dendritic trees, gap junctions, and graded potentials?
a) amacrine b) bipolar c) ganglion d) horizontal e) vertical |
d) horizontal
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This cell is inhibited by light in the center of the receptive field but fires for light in the "surround."
a) on center ganglion b) off center ganglion c) amacrine d) bipolar e) horizontal |
b) off center ganglion
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In the temporal/parietal visual areas, PIT is connected to CIT, which is connected to _______ for high order visual processing.
a) AIT b) MST c) V2 d) V4 e) Lp |
a) AIT
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What type of cone photoreceptor responds to long wavelengths of light?
a) M cones b) S cones c) L cones d) R cones e) both a and b |
c) L cones
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Abnormal activation of neurons located in the inferior temporal complex (fusiform) may be a contributing factor in which of the following disorders?
a) epilepsy b) agnosia c) toxic encephalopathy d) polymicrogyria e) autism |
e) autism
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This area of the brain is thought to be specialized for facial recognition.
a. Face Cortex b. “The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat” Area c. Fusiform Facial Area d. V5 e. V2 |
c. Fusiform Facial Area
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These ganglion cells in the retina have an on area surrounded by a donut shaped off area:
a. Off-center ganglion cells b. On-center ganglion cells c. Rods d. Cones e. Who knows? |
b. On-center ganglion cells
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The dorsal “where” pathway mediates perception of:
a. Motion b. Color c. Depth d. Object recognition e. Both A and C |
e. Both A and C
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Anne Treisman claimed _________ is an essential component to the binding problem.
a. Memory b. V5 c. She d. Attention e. Glue |
d. Attention
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This type of depth cue could be observed with one eye (e.g., occlusion).
a. Binocular b. Monocle c. Weird d. Monocular e. None of the above |
d. Monocular
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This area of the brain is responsible for perception of motion of object across a static background
a). Fusiform Face Area b). Area MT (medial temporal cortex) c). Periaqueductal Gray Area (PAG) d). perceiving movement area e). none of the above |
b). Area MT (medial temporal cortex)
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“Blindsight” refers to
a). The phenomenon of being temporarily blinded when staring at the sun b). When people are blinded by love c). The phenomenon in which people who are perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field demonstrate some response to visual stimuli. d). When neurons synchronize and inhibit retinal reception. e). none of the above. |
c). The phenomenon in which people who are perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field demonstrate some response to visual stimuli.
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This brain area is the “first area” to receive and respond differentially to input from both eyes, and is thus a critical site for stereoscopic vision.
a). Area V1 b). Area V2 c) Area MT d) Area first e). none of the above |
a). Area V1
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The binding problem refers to
a). How the brain binds axons to the soma b). How to close up or bind a cranial artery which has burst. . c). How the brain binds different visual features into a single precept. d). How different pieces of the skull are bound together anatomically e). none of the above |
c). How the brain binds different visual features into a single precept.
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Nuclei in the _______________ mediate source localization
a). frontal pole b). the prefrontal cortex c). local pole d). ear lobe e). brain stem |
e). brain stem
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__________ is a state of maximum amplitude of movement.
a. dissonance b. locomotion c. transduction d. resonance e. none of the above |
d. resonance
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90% of these synapse on inner hair cells.
a. organ of corti b. outer hair cells c. chemical transmitters d. transduction channels e. cochlear ganglion cells |
e. cochlear ganglion cells
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The __________ is the site of mechanoelectrical transduction in the cochlea.
a. organ of corti b. external auditory meatus c. eustachian tube d. auricle e. mastoid bone |
a. organ of corti
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This refers to a neurobiologically-based condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to simultaneous stimulation of a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
a. synethesis b. dopaminergic innervation c. creativity d. neurotransmitter overload e. sensory depolarization |
a. synethesis
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Olfactory neurons are very specific and interact with receptors in a __________ relationship.
a. 1:1000 b. 1:1 c. 1:2 d. 1:100 e. none of the above |
b. 1:1
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The _________ provides orientation of the head in three-dimensional space.
a) tympanum b) semicircular canals c) auricle d) malleus e) incus |
b) semicircular canals
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Outer hair cells along the basilar membrane receive many ________projections with only a few ________ projections to the brain.
a) afferent, efferent b) upward, downward c) open, closed d) efferent, afferent e) depolarized, hyperpolarized |
d) efferent, afferent
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Which is true with regards to the to the function of the cochlear nuclei cells?
a) encode frequency b) timing or onset c) location along midline d) echo suppression e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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Which of the following are located in the olfactory epithelium?
a) olfactory sensory neurons b) supporting cells c) basal stem cells d) all of the above e) none of the above |
d) all of the above
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Tastebuds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue are innervated by the gustatory fibers that travel in a branch of the facial nerve called the ___________.
a) chorda tympani b) glossopharyngeal c) femoral d) brachial e) posterior auricular |
a) chorda tympani
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The organ of Corti contains ~16,000 hair cells along length of basilar membrane
a) There are more inner hair cells than outer hair cells b) They are about equal in number c) There are more outer hair cells than inner hair cells d) Hair cells readily regenerate if they are lost due to sensorineural damage. |
c) There are more outer hair cells than inner hair cells
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Sound is encoded as
a) frequency and intensity b) dictated by the size and shape of the auricle c) a traveling wave down the basilar membrane d) rock n' roll |
a) frequency and intensity
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Cochlea consists of
a) three fluid filled chambers called semicircular canals b) three fluid filled chambers coiled into a spiral c) malleus, incus, and stapes d) ~30,000 ganglion cells (probably glutaminergic) |
b) three fluid filled chambers coiled into a spiral
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Axons in the cochlear component of the ________ cranial nerve terminate in the cochlear nuclear complex
a) fifth b) eighth c) seventh d) twelfth e) on old Olympus towering tops a Finn and German viewed a hop |
b) eighth
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Which of the following is not true of pheromones
a) Two systems may respond to hormones: main olfactory system and accessory (vomeronasal) olfactory system b) animals: vomeronasal system is key to unconscious reproductive behavior c) humans: pheromones are responsible for conscious reproductive behavior d) The vomeronasal system originates in separate vomeronasal organ which projects to amygdala and then to hypothalamus |
c) humans: pheromones are responsible for conscious reproductive behavior
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The cochlea consists of how many fluid filled chambers?
a. One b. Five c. Three d. Seven e. None |
c. Three
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) The _____________, commonly known as the eardrum, is a membrane that connects directly to the malleus. Sound-induced changes in pressure start by pushing and pulling on this membrane.
a. Ear Bongo b. Cochlea c. Piston d. Tympanum (tympanic membrane) e. Folia |
d. Tympanum (tympanic membrane)
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) This structure of the middle-ear acts as a piston connecting to the ovular window and pushing cyclically on the scala vestibuli.
a. Incus b. Stapes c. Staples d. Ampula e. Cochlea |
b. Stapes
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The cochlea owes much of its functioning to the ____________, a tonotopic map that responds selectively to certain frequencies.
a. Incus b. Basilar Membrane c. Thai Basil d. Oval window e. Malleus |
b. Basilar Membrane
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This part of the ear contains ~16,000 hairs that span the length of the basilar membrane and is the site of mechanoelectrical transduction in the cochlea
a. Organ of Corti b. Ear hairs c. Oval window d. Circular window e. None of the above |
a. Organ of Corti
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