Bbb 1 2

Front 1

scientific method

Back 1

assumptions, attitudes, goals and procedures for creating and answering questions about nature

Front 2

nature is lawful

Back 2

nature does not occur in arbitrary ways..everything can be understood

Front 3

nature is determined

Back 3

nature is not influenced by gods or supernatural events. there is always a cause and effect and flow of antecendents and consequences

Front 4

nature is understandable

Back 4

just bc we dont know the answers now does not mean we should jump to irrational conclusions

Front 5

hypothesis

Back 5

always subject to empirical tests, a proposition concerning relationshps amongst variables

Front 6

law

Back 6

well established relationship among variables, well confrimed hypothesis

Front 7

theory

Back 7

proposition attempting to explain facts, highest explanation of facts
a theory must EXPLAIN (describie, organize and summarize available facts) and PREDICT new facts and relationships

Front 8

Intervening variable

Back 8

any variable conected with a preceeding and a following variable, inferred relationshpis

Front 9

Unscientific research strategies #1

Back 9

appeal to authority (x said this) tradition, revelation, intervention, free will

Front 10

#2

Back 10

labeling-unknown cause to which a name ha sbeen assigned

Front 11

#3

Back 11

explanation by stating purpose the accomplishment of some unified whole...why did the chicken cross the road....to get to the other side

Front 12

observational approach

Back 12

description, bc it is descriptive it is impossible to infer cause and effect relationships...observe rabbit eatiing food, you cannot infer that is actually hungry

Front 13

correlational approach

Back 13

degree of relationshp between two dependednt variables
correlation coefficent
independednt variables are selectd and are theerfor subject variables (age, gender, race)
cannot establish causality

Front 14

experimental

Back 14

1? systematic manipulation
2) of NON_SUBJECT variables (things in the environment-like stimuli)
3)assessment of their effects on dependednt variable
4) under controlled conditions

Front 15

Between subject designs

Back 15

one level of the independent variable, receive either experimental or control

Front 16

Within subject

Back 16

same subjects are used in experimental and control groups

Front 17

matched group designs

Back 17

subjects in experimental and control are diferent, but they are matched on variables that are considered to be of importance

Front 18

quasi-experimental

Back 18

approx of experimental control...procedures that can not fulfill requirements for experimental method

Front 19

who we are is made up of three things

Back 19

genetic, history, present stimulation

Front 20

binocular rivalry

Back 20

when the right and left eyes see incompatible images in the same place one image or the other will dominate consciousness...first pattern of brain activity will fade and hen another apttern of brain activity will replace it

Front 21

DNA and RNA

Back 21

DNA-genetic code
RNA- directs construction of proteins
rna duplicates one strand of dna and then moves out to the cytoplasm to direct the sequening of amino acids

Front 22

Evolution

Back 22

change over generations in the frequencies o various genes in a polulation, every gene is subject to evolution by selection and random drift

Front 23

random drift

Back 23

the number of individuals having particular characteristics will vary at random- when selection is weak or population is small random drift an have a great effect...larger the selective advantage is less randomdrift will come into play

Front 24

selective advantage

Back 24

set to reprodue a little bit more then 100% of its previous generations

Front 25

recipricol altruism

Back 25

help others who help us regardless of kin selection, recognize and learn to help others who will return the favors

Front 26

during an action potential the membrane stops mving upward at about 30 mv because

Back 26

sodium channels close and cannot reopen for a period of time

Front 27

biological psychology

Back 27

study of the physiological, evolutionary and devlopmental mechanisms of behavior and experience

Front 28

physiological explanation

Back 28

relates A BEHAVIOR TO THE ACTIVITY OF BRAIN AND OTHER ORGANS

Front 29

ontogenic

Back 29

development of a structure or behavior, influenc eof genes, experiences and nutrition in molding a behavior, sonbird-genes that prepare him to learn the song and the experience he has from hearing other birds sing

Front 30

evolutionary

Back 30

evolutionary history of structure or behavior- comparisons to other ancestors, dog and bird

Front 31

functional

Back 31

why a structure or behavior evolved as it did, within small isolated populations genes can spread by accident through genetic drift

Front 32

dualism

Back 32

mind and body are different substances that exist independently

Front 33

descartes

Back 33

first explicit defence of dualism, argued that the mind and brain interact at a single point in space called the pineal gland

Front 34

dualism cnflicts with

Back 34

the law of conversation of matter..matter can transform into energy and energy into matter but neither one can appear out of no whereq

Front 35

monism

Back 35

belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substance

Front 36

materialism

Back 36

everything is physical (scientists)
eliminative materialism- mental events dont exist at all

Front 37

mentalism

Back 37

the view that only the mind really exists

Front 38

identity position

Back 38

mental processes are the same as brain processes, every mental experience is a brain activity

Front 39

solipism

Back 39

I ALONE EXIST- bc we cannot observe consciousness we cannot infer that other ppl are conscious as well...problem of other minds (are other ppl really conscious?)

Front 40

DAvid chalmers

Back 40

easy and hard problems...easy problems address things such as discrimination of stimuli, wakefullness and sleep, mechanisms that allow us to focus our attention...no phil qs....and then there are hard problems which deal with why and how consciousness is associated with brain activity

Front 41

word boxes

Back 41

consciousness of stimuli depends on amount of brain activity

Front 42

genes

Back 42

units of hereditary that maintain their structural identity from one generation to the next, inheritence occurs through genes
DNA which serves as template for RNA--> proteins

Front 43

chromosones

Back 43

pair of genes, genotype is an expression of a gene pair

Front 44

homozygous

Back 44

RR or rr

Front 45

heterzygous

Back 45

Rr

Front 46

recessive gene

Back 46

only shows its effect i the hmozygous condition rr
Rr- will be a carrier for the gene but will not show effect

Front 47

crossing over

Back 47

a pair of chromosones may break apart during reproduction and reconnect so that one part of the 1st chromosone reattaches to one part of the second chromosone

Front 48

sex linked genes

Back 48

genes located on the sex chromosones (all other ones are known as autosomal chromosones)

Front 49

sex-limited genes

Back 49

genes present in both sexes but have effects mainly or exclusively for one sex..activated by hormones

Front 50

evolution

Back 50

change over generations in the frequencioes of various genes,
variations in characteristics depend largely on hereditary influences then the characteristic has high heretibility- like with adopted children their similarity to their biological parents

Front 51

recombination

Back 51

a new combination of genes when genes from one parent combine with genes from another parents nd yield characteristics not found in either parent

Front 52

mutation

Back 52

change in a single gene, rare, random event

Front 53

artificial selection

Back 53

chosing individuals with a desired trait and making them parents of the next generation

Front 54

what types of genes will be passed on?

Back 54

any gene associated with reproductive successwill become more prevalent in later generations, success of genes will become more revalent in later generations, but remeber that changes brought by evolution may not alwasy be benefitial to the species in the future

Front 55

environment and genes

Back 55

environment can inactivate genes

Front 56

multiplier effect

Back 56

genes can have an effect on behavior by changing envronment....
if genetic or prenatal influences produce even a small increase in some activity, th early tendency will change the envionment ina way that magnifies the tendency, sports and improving at a sport

Front 57

PKU

Back 57

genetic inability to metabloze the amino acid phenylalanine, hereditary but environmental factors, like a diet can modify it.
HERITABLE DOES NOT MEAN UNMODIFIABLE

Front 58

have humans stopped evolving

Back 58

no key to evolution is not survival but reproduction, having children spreads genes in a population

Front 59

Fitness

Back 59

the number of copies of ones genes that endure in later generations, more children then average then you are evolutionary fit...evolution does not neccessarily improve fitness however bc the genes that evolve may not be adaptive for future generations

Front 60

genes act to benefit

Back 60

the genes

Front 61

evolutionary psychologyu

Back 61

how behaviors have evolved..especially social behaviors

Front 62

kin selection

Back 62

selection for a gene bc it benefits the individuals relatives, altruistic behavior is more common towards relatives

Front 63

y chromosones contain

Back 63

few genes

Front 64

gentic explanations for altruism is problamatic because

Back 64

behaviors rarely benefit the individual who preforms them

Front 65

Santiago Ramon y cajal

Back 65

the brain consists of individual cells-a small gap separates from neuron from the next, behaviors emerge from individual neurons working together

Front 66

ribosomes

Back 66

site at which new protein molecules are synsthesized

Front 67

protin membranes in neuron

Back 67

protein channels that pump 200 million ions per second. 1 million sodium pumps per average small neuron

Front 68

motor neuron

Back 68

soma is on spinal cord, recieves messages
efferent neurons

Front 69

sensory neuron

Back 69

specialized to be highly sensitive to one types of stimuli- conduct impulses to spinal cord and brain from sense organs
afferent neurons- bring info to structure

Front 70

dorsal root ganglia

Back 70

cell body clusters outside spinal cord

Front 71

myelin sheaths

Back 71

insulation, speeds up chemical reactions, usuallu cover just vertebrae axons, invertebrate axons do not have myelin sheaths bc they have larger axon diameters to conduct info quicker

Front 72

presynaptic terminal

Back 72

point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross the junction (synapse-tiy gap bw neurons) between one neuron and the next

Front 73

interneurons

Back 73

cells dendrites or axons contained entirely within a single structure, communicates only with other cells of that structure. local neurons have short axons, that dont produce axon potentials, but graded potentials that can be transmitted from neuron to neuron

Front 74

glia

Back 74

structural supprt, metabloc transport, outnumber neurons by 10:1 ratio, they do not transmit ifo over long distances as neurons do

Front 75

astrocytes

Back 75

sychronizes activity of neurons, takes up chemicals released by axons and releases them back to the axon, also help remove waste material...

Front 76

microgila

Back 76

waste removal and remove fungi and viruses (like immune system)

Front 77

oligondendrocytes

Back 77

build myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord

Front 78

shwann cells

Back 78

build myelin sheath around neuron axons in the peripherary of the body

Front 79

radial glia

Back 79

guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their dendrites and axons during embryonic development (potential stem cells)

Front 80

blood brain barier

Back 80

keeps chemicals out of the brain, needed bc cns lacks type of immune system found in the rest of the body...the brain cannot replace damaged neurons, used to minimize risk of irreplacable brain damage
tightly joined epitheleal cells

Front 81

area postrema

Back 81

monitors blood chemicals that cannot enter other brain areas, responsible for triggering nauseas an important response to toxic chemicals

Front 82

passive transport

Back 82

small uncharged molecules.. oxygen or co2, molecules that dissolve in the fats of the membrane...vitamin a, d and various drugs

Front 83

active transport

Back 83

glucose and amino acids
protein mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blodd into the brain

Front 84

most crucial chemicals needed for the brain to function

Back 84

o2 and glucose

Front 85

l-dopa

Back 85

soluble, crosses the blood-brain barrier membrane and causes brain to make dopamine in treatment of parkisons disease

Front 86

glucose

Back 86

vertebrae neurons depend almost entirely on to function, neurons consume an enermous amount of oxygen to metabloze glucose
glucose is practically the only chemical that passes the blood brain barrier in adults

Front 87

thiamine

Back 87

chronic alcohollics have a diet deficent in the vitamin b thiamine, which is neccessary for the use of glucose, with th inability to use glucose cells die leading to memory loss

Front 88

hyperpolarization

Back 88

increased polarization-inhibitorym causes it to make it harder to fire..ikncreased negative charge inside the cell

Front 89

depolarization or hypopolarization

Back 89

decreased polarization towards 0- action potential

Front 90

electrical gradient

Back 90

difference in electrical chare between the inside and outside of the cell

Front 91

resting potential

Back 91

differenc ein voltage between th eoutside and inside of the cell
inside of neuron -70 mv

Front 92

selective permeable

Back 92

membrane is this, some chemicals can pass through it more freely then others

Front 93

sodium pottasium pump

Back 93

3 na out of the cell, 2k into the cell
active transport requiring energy, only effective because of the selecive permeability of the membrane, which prevents the sodium ions that were pumped out from leaking right back into the neuron again

Front 94

concentratiom gradient

Back 94

the difference in the distribution of ions across the membraen

Front 95

threshold of excitation

Back 95

any stimulis beyond a ertain level, the threshold produces a suddent massive depolarization of the membrane, sodium channels are opened and permits a rapid, massive flow of enzymes across the membarne
level of depolarization that must occur for an action potential=50mv

Front 96

action potential

Back 96

rapid depolarization and a slight reversal of the regular polarizationpeak of action potential is at 30mv

Front 97

voltage-activated channels

Back 97

alter permeability of membrane, ordinarily the membrane is impermeable to sodium, but during the action potential. the permeability increases sharply
membrane channel whose permeabililty depends on the voltage (electrical charge) across the membrane) as the membrane becomes depolarized or hypopolarzed the sodium channels open and sodium ions flow more freely

Front 98

an action potential increases the sodium concentration inside a neron by far less then

Back 98

1%,,,,,,even at peak of ap sodium ions are still more concentrated outside the neuron

Front 99

what brings membrane back to depolarization?

Back 99

pottasium ions exit the cell, driving the mebrane bac to the resting potential , the sodium pottasium pump is not the answer bc it is too slow

Front 100

local anesthetic drugs

Back 100

attach to the sodium channels of the membrane and prevent sodium ions from entering,---> blocks action potentials

Front 101

general anesthetics

Back 101

cause k gates to open wider and k flows out of the neuron very quickly

Front 102

refractory period

Back 102

cell resists the production of further action potentials

Front 103

absolute refractory period

Back 103

membrane cannot produce an action potential regardless of the stimulis
1ms

Front 104

relative refractory period

Back 104

stronger then usual stimulis is required to initiate an action potential, this is basedon the fact that the sodium channels are closed and pottasium ions are flowing out of the cell at faster rate
2-4 ms

Front 105

axon hillock

Back 105

where the action potential begins (swelling where the axons exits the soma)

Front 106

how does the action potential travel like a wave down the axon

Back 106

positive charges inside the membrane slightly depolarize adjacent areas of the menbrane, causing the next area to reach its threshold and generate an action potential

Front 107

propagation of the ap

Back 107

transmission of an ap down the axon

Front 108

nodes of ranvier

Back 108

short unmyelinated sections on a myelinated axon

Front 109

saltatory conduction

Back 109

the jumping of action potentials from node to node....after an ap occurs at a node sodium ions that enter the axon diffuse with the axon, repelling positive ions that wer ealready present and thsus poushing a chsin of ions along the axon to th enext node where they regenrate the action potential

Front 110

what ebenfit does it have

Back 110

conserves energy, increases speed of conduction

Front 111

multiple sclerosis

Back 111

destroy myelin sheaths and prevent propagation of action potential down axon

Front 112

graded potentials

Back 112

what local neurons do, membrane potentials that vary in magnitude and do not follow th eall or nothing law, when a local neuron is stimulated it depolarizes in propartion to the intensity of the stimulis

Front 113

all or nothing law

Back 113

neurons convey different messages based on their timing-rate or pattern of ap

Front 114

what affects the speed of an a

Back 114

resistence of membrane