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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the steps in the HPA axis that causes anxiety?
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Hypothalmus --> (CRH) Ant. Pituitary --> (ACTH) Adrenal Cortex --> Cortisol
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What is general adaptation syndrome?
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Body's short and long term adaptations to stress
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What are the negative effects of long term general adaptation syndrome?
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Exhaustion of lipid reserves
2. Inability to glucocorticoids 3. Failure of electrolyte balance 4. Structural damage to vital organs |
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Drugs that block what usually have positive results in anxiety?
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Block 5-HT reuptake
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Is there a genetic component to anxiety?
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Yes
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What character trait is highly associated with anxiety?
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Neuroticism
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Neuroticism is associated with what allelic variation?
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In the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene
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What neuroanatomical features are seen in neuroticism?
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1. Small amygdala and cingulate
2. Abnormal activity of hippocampal and fronto-limbic circuits |
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What brain region is heavily involved in the stress response?
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Locus Coeruleus - noradrenergic, sympathetic activation
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What is the Papez circuit?
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Hippocampus --> Fornix --> mamillary bodied --> Ant Nuc of Thalamus --> cingulate gyrus --> hippocampus
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What are the 2 models of fear conditioning?
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1. Cued - neutral CS (conditioned stimulus) is paired with aversive UC (unconditioned stimulus)
2. Contextual - background/contextual stimuli present when US occured |
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What are the 3 reasons how contextual fear conditioning is different from cued?
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1. CS not restricted to one sensory modality
2. Contextual CSs continuously present 3. Contextual CSs predict WHERE but not WHEN US may occur |
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The amygdala is involved in what type of fear?
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Both cued and contextual fear acquisition
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The hippocampus is involved in what type of fear?
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Contextual Fear ONLY
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Hippocampus likely relays information to where during contextual conditioning?
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Amygdala
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What is fear extinction?
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Repeated presentation of CS without US
Los of fear response |
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory what was unresolved conflict?
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Conflict between what you want to do and what you actually do
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What were 2 tenets of Beck's cognitive theory that produce anxiety?
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1. Negative schema - I'm incompetent
2. Automatic thoughts - I'm going to fail! I'm stupid! |
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If fear response are the result of classical conditioning, why does anxiety persist?
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1. Begins with classical conditioning
2. Maintained through operant conditioning |
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What is operant conditioning?
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Behaviors that are reinforced are strengthened
Behaviors that are punished are weakened |
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What is positive punishment?
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Weakens the likelihood of a response by presenting an aversive stimulus after the response
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What is negative punishment?
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Weakens the likelihood of a response by removing an appetitive stimulus after a response
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In anxiety, what type of activity is seen in the insula?
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Hyperactivity
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In anxiety, what type of activity is seen in the prefrontal regions (associated with fears)?
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Hypoactivity
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