B&b Week 6: Tumor Pathology

Front 1

Increased ICP
-Order of 4 compartments affected by increased ICP

Back 1

1. Subarachnoid Space (CSF expulsion)
2. Ventricles (CSF expulsion)
--NL. CSF pressure: 60-170
3. Veins (Leads to Edema)
4. Arteries (Leads to Ischemia)

Front 2

3 Sites of brain herniations
-Site and what tissue is herniated

Back 2

1. Space under the falx over the corpus callosum: causes herniation of the cingulate gyrus

2. Opening of the tentorium where the midbrain continues into the upper pons. Herniation associated with deep coma and loss of pupillary reflexes

-Mesial temporal lobe moves to infra tentorial position resulting in uncal grooving

-Superior mid brain moves to infra tentorial position.

-Contralateral cerebral peduncle is contused, resulting in hemorrhagic necrosis seen as Kernohan's notch

3. Foramen magnum, where lower medulla meets upper cervical spinal cord. Medullary herniantion damages compromises vital structures; lesions are irreversible and fatal.

Front 3

Name the 6 Signs of increased ICP

Back 3

-Headache
-Positional Headache
-Vomiting
-Papilledema
-Mental Changes
-Epileptoform fits

Front 4

Describe the 6 signs of Inc. ICP
-Headache
-Positional Headache
-Vomiting
-Papilledema
-Mental Changes
-Epileptoform fits

Back 4

*Headache
-weeks; nausea; apathy; drowsiness; visual and cognitive deficits; focal lesion signs

*Positional Headache
-evoked by specific head position

*Vomiting
-projectile; frequency correlates with ICP level

*Papilledema
-engorged retinal veins; swollen optic disc with flame hemorrhages

*Mental Changes
-variable; glial hippocampal/amygdalic lesions mimic psychosis such as shizoprenia; frontal lobe lesions present as deep apathy and depression

*Epileptoform fits
-astrocytomas in motor cortex or temporal lobe

Front 5

Malignant vs. Benign neoplasms

Back 5

Malignant
-glial/glioblastomas
-metastatic neoplasms

Benign
-meningiomas
-acoustic schwannomas
-CP papillomas
-Hemangioblastomas
-Gangliomas

Front 6

Gliomas
-Grading system
-Growth pattern
-Metastasis

Back 6

Grading system
-Based on cellularity, pleomorphism, mitotic figures, necrosis, and vascular proliferation

Growth pattern
-Infiltrative from multiple foci without well demarcated margins

Metastasis
-Rarely outside the CNS. Within the CNS, spreads along prexisting pathways.

Front 7

Meningiomas
-Cellular origin
-Prognosis

Back 7

-Cellular origin: mesoderm
-Prognosis: benign

Front 8

Hemangioblastomas
-Cellular origin
-Prognosis
-Anatomical location

Back 8

-Cellular origin: endothelial cells
-Prognosis: good
-Anatomical location: cysts in the cerebellum

Front 9

Schwannomas
-Cellular Origin
-Prognosis
-Typical Symptoms

Back 9

-Cellular Origin: usually schwann cells surrounding acoustic nerves or spinal cord sensory roots
-Prognosis: benign
-Typical Symptoms: produced from pressure on adjacent nerves, ie: hearing loss

Front 10

metastatic carcinomas
-Site of initial growth
-Common neoplasms metatsatic to CNS
-Histological appearance

Back 10

- Junction between cortical gray and white matter

-Lung, breast (dural), melanomas (hemorrhagic), lymphomas.

-Well demarcated; grow expansively displacing adjacent parenchyma.

Front 11

lymphomas

Back 11

???

Front 12

genetics

Back 12

???