B&b Week 3

Front 1

Presbycusis

Back 1

Loss of high frequency perception
Happens in everyone in old age

Front 2

Conductive Hearing Loss

Back 2

blockage of sound path from source to cochlea
Often middle ear infection
Reversible

Front 3

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Back 3

Damage to inner ear or central auditory pathway
Incurable and permanent

Front 4

Order of middle ear bones

Back 4

tympanic membrane - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window

Front 5

Scala Media

Back 5

Space into which hair cells and tectorial membrane project
Endolymph at +80mV

Front 6

Hair cells in cochlea

Back 6

3 rows of outer hair cells - carry efferent information, are contractile
1 row of inner hair cells - carry afferent information

Front 7

Tonotopic organization of the Cochlea

Back 7

High frequencies at the stiff base
Low frequencies at the floppy apex

Front 8

Coding Pitch

Back 8

labeled line on basilar membrane

Front 9

Coding sound intensity

Back 9

coded by number of APs and number of responding neurons

Front 10

Superior Olive

Back 10

Left and Right sound info converges, sound localization

Front 11

Pupillary light reflex

Back 11

CN II -> pretectal nuclei -> Edinger Westphal nucleus -> ciliary ganglion -> pupillary constrictor

Front 12

Horner's Syndromes

Back 12

1st order: spine block
2nd order: brachial plexus/lung apex block
3rd order: carotid dissection

Front 13

Environmental causes of Dilated Pupil

Back 13

Nightshade
Transderm scop (motion sickness med)

Front 14

Adie's Tonic Pupil

Back 14

Large pupil, unresponsive to light
Follows ciliary ganglion injury (viral)
Tonic (slow) to near response
hypersensitive to pilocarpine
Absent reflexes

Front 15

Argyll Robertson Pupil

Back 15

Tertiary syphilis
Responds poorly to light, but quickly to near
Usually bilateral

Front 16

Aqueous Humor

Back 16

clear fluid produced by ciliary body
in anterior compartment

Front 17

Cataract

Back 17

Opacification of lens

Front 18

Eye circulations

Back 18

Ciliary arteries - nourish uveal tract
Retinal arteries - nourish retina

Front 19

Conjugate Eye movements

Back 19

same direction
-smooth pursuit
-optokinetic (motion of world)
-vestibular
-saccades

Front 20

Disjunctive Eye Movements

Back 20

eyes move in opposite direction
vergence

Front 21

Pulse + Step actions

Back 21

pulse - moves eye, generated by PPRF
step - keeps eye in position, generated by integrator

Front 22

MLF

Back 22

tract that allows for conjugal eye movements

Front 23

Sacculus and Utricle

Back 23

Detect head tilt, angular, and linear acceleration

Front 24

Semicircular Canal signals

Back 24

Signal proportional to head velocity

Front 25

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Back 25

Provides stability of gaze in spite of head movements

Front 26

Left-beating nystagmus

Back 26

Turning head to left, eyes move right. Mediated by semicircular canals

Front 27

Caloric nystagmus

Back 27

fast beats of eye movement
Cold Opposite, Warm Same

Front 28

Gain of Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Back 28

G = eye angle/head angle
normally G = -1, but can adapt due to flocculonodular lobe

Front 29

Lens focus

Back 29

near = spherical, ciliary muscles contract
far = flat, ciliary muscles relax

Front 30

Myopia

Back 30

Eyeball too long

Front 31

Hyperopia

Back 31

Eyeball too short

Front 32

Fovea

Back 32

Area of greatest visual acuity
Absence of upper layers and blood vessels
Entirely cone receptors

Front 33

Phototransduction

Back 33

cis -> trans-rhodopsin -> PDE -> less cGMP -> Na channels close -> hyperpolarization

Front 34

Bipolar cells

Back 34

Receive input from 1 photoreceptor
ON: glutamate is exitatory, depolarize in dark
OFF: glutamate is inhibitory, depolarize in light

Front 35

Horizontal Cell

Back 35

pools input and antagonizes bipolar cell to its own cone. creates center-surround receptive field

Front 36

Midget Cells

Back 36

80% of ganglion cells. Aka P-cells. Detect color

Front 37

Parasol Cells

Back 37

10% of ganglion cells that detect motion. Aka M-cells

Front 38

Projections of the optic nerve

Back 38

superior colliculus
pretectal complex
accessory optic nuclei
suprachiasmatic nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 39

LGN organization

Back 39

eyes are kept separate
M and P cells kept separate

Front 40

M cell pathway

Back 40

Mcells -> LGN -> layer IVc alpha ->layer IVB processing

Front 41

Orientation selectivity

Back 41

processing of multiple receptor fields in layer IVB

Front 42

P Cell pathway

Back 42

Pcells -> LGN -> layer IVc beta -> layers II and III

Front 43

Visual Cortex modularity

Back 43

Orientation selectivity (pinwheels)
Direction Selectivity
Ocular Dominance
Color (CO blobs)

Front 44

extrastriate cortex

Back 44

all visual cortex beyond the primary visual cortex

Front 45

Inferotemporal cortex vs. posterior parietal cortex

Back 45

IFT: needed for object discrimination (what)
PPC: needed for landmark discrimination (where)

Front 46

Ventral Visual Processing

Back 46

The "what" pathway
involves V4

Front 47

Dorsal Visual Processing

Back 47

The "where" pathway
involves V5

Front 48

V5

Back 48

Detects motion from the input of M cells.
Direction (but not orientation) selective

Front 49

Akinotopsia

Back 49

Inability to perceive motion. Due to lesion of V5

Front 50

Achromotopsia

Back 50

Inability to perceive color, even with functioning cone receptors.
Due to lesion of V4

Front 51

Color Constancy

Back 51

V4 uses relative spectrum levels to determine color

Front 52

Posterior Parietal Lesion

Back 52

Contralateral neglect

Front 53

Inferotemporal Cortex Lesion

Back 53

Agnosia and prosopagnosia

Front 54

Retinal Arterial Occlusion

Back 54

Infarcts the retina. Can cause inferior or superior hemifield vision loss in one eye

Front 55

Optic Nerve Tumor

Back 55

Blocks vision in one eye

Front 56

Pituitary Adenoma

Back 56

Bitemporal Hemianopia
Compresses nasal fibers which causes loss of temporal fields

Front 57

Left Homonymous Hemianopia

Back 57

Loss of left visual field in both eyes. Caused by lesion behind the optic chiasm

Front 58

Homonymous Quadrantanopsia

Back 58

Bilateral loss of a quadrant of vision. Caused by Meyer's loop or parietal lesion

Front 59

Macular Sparing

Back 59

Occurs when the posterior visual cortex is spared (dual blood supply?)

Front 60

Alexia without Agraphia

Back 60

Can write but not read
Usually a right homonymous hemianopia -- left occipital lobe and left splenium

Front 61

Prosopagnosia

Back 61

Lesion in the Occipito-temporal region (often bilateral)

Front 62

Cerebral Hemi-achromatopsia

Back 62

Lack of color vision in a homonymous hemifield.
Localized to fusiform gyri (V4).
Can occur with quadrantanopia

Front 63

Balint's syndrome

Back 63

Simultanagnosia
Ocular apraxia
Optic Ataxia
Lesion/degeneration in bilateral parieto-occipital region

Front 64

Classical Conditioning

Back 64

Learning the relationship between two stimuli

Front 65

Operant Conditioning

Back 65

Learning the relationship between a stimulus and a response

Front 66

Habituation

Back 66

Weakening response after repeated stimuli

Front 67

Sensitization

Back 67

Interneuron release of 5-HT
Long term = change in gene transcription

Front 68

Hippocampal neurotransmitter

Back 68

glutamate

Front 69

Long-term potentiation

Back 69

Tetanic stimulation leads to increased synaptic strength in the hippocampus

Front 70

Properties of LTP

Back 70

Rapid onset
Long lasting
Synapse specificity
Associativity

Front 71

NMDA Receptor

Back 71

Coincidence detector
requires depolarization and glutamate
allows Na and Ca influx

Front 72

Speech Lateralization

Back 72

R Handers: left hemisphere
L Handers: mostly left hemisphere too

Front 73

Types of Aphasia

Back 73

Broca's
Global
Wernicke's
Conduction

Front 74

Categories of aphasia

Back 74

Fluency
Comprehension
Repetition
Naming

Front 75

Broca's Aphasia

Back 75

poor fluency
good comprehension
poor repetition
poor naming
often due to embolism

Front 76

Global Aphasia

Back 76

Poor fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming
due to widespread infarction

Front 77

Comprehension

Back 77

understanding word meaning
"Point to the pencil"

Front 78

Naming

Back 78

being able to name an object when requested

Front 79

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 79

Good fluency
Poor comprehension
Poor repetition
Poor naming
often due to occlusion

Front 80

Conduction Aphasia

Back 80

Poor repetition
Loss of arcuate fasciculus connecting broca's and wernicke's

Front 81

Right hemisphere language disorders

Back 81

impaired prosody, loss of metaphor, humor, and discourse
tangential comments

Front 82

Subcortical language disorders

Back 82

striatal and thalamic

Front 83

Frontotemporal Degeneration

Back 83

Causes progressive nonfluent aphasia and personality change
difficulty with grammar

Front 84

Semantic Dementia

Back 84

Fluent, empty speech with comprehension and naming difficulty
Anterior/ventral temporal lobe degeneration

Front 85

Alexia

Back 85

Peripheral: have trouble interpreting individual letters
Central: trouble pronouncing sight vocabulary or novel words

Front 86

Patient HM

Back 86

Bilateral medial temporal lobe resection
unable to form new memories
procedural memory intact

Front 87

Episodic Memory

Back 87

Memory for prior experiences or events
Tightly linked to time and space

Front 88

Episodic Memory Processing

Back 88

Encoding
Storage/consolidation
Retrieval

Front 89

Medial Temporal Lobe components

Back 89

Hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex - input to hippo
Paraphippocampus- where input
Perirhinal cortex- what input

Front 90

Fregoli Syndrome

Back 90

Stranger thought to be inhabited by someone you know
-hyperfamiliarity for strangers

Front 91

Capgras Syndrome

Back 91

Belief that familiar people replaced by imposeters
-hypofamiliarity

Front 92

Papez circuit

Back 92

fornix -> mamillary bodies -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> cingulum -> fornix

Front 93

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Back 93

due to thiamin deficiency (often from alcholism)
mammillary body damage and amnesia

Front 94

Causes of Temporal-Limbic Amnesia

Back 94

Alzheimer's
PCA stroke
Herpes encephalitis
Wernicke-Korsakoff

Front 95

Semantic Memory

Back 95

memory of facts

Front 96

Frontal Lobes and Memory

Back 96

Associative memory affected the most

Front 97

Frontal vs. Temporal-Limbic Amnesia
Immediate memory

Back 97

MT: normal
Frontal: impaired

Front 98

Frontal vs. Temporal-Limbic Amnesia
Recognition memory

Back 98

MT: impaired
Frontal: normal

Front 99

Frontal vs. Temporal-Limbic Amnesia
Item memory

Back 99

MT: impaired
Frontal: normal

Front 100

Amyloid Plaques

Back 100

extracellular accumulation of amyloid

Front 101

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Back 101

Intracelluar accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau
Correlate with disease severity and neuronal death

Front 102

Working Memory

Back 102

short-term
frontal lobe localized
R side: visuospatial
L side: auditory

Front 103

Consolidation

Back 103

Process by which memories are solidified into long-term stores
hippocampus -> neocortex

Front 104

Classical Conditioning

Back 104

Cerebellum in charge

Front 105

Emotional Conditioning

Back 105

requires Amygdala

Front 106

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Back 106

Amygdala lesion
Blunted emotions
lack of fear response
visual agnosia

Front 107

Operant Conditioning

Back 107

Nucleus accumbens - reward center

Front 108

Procedural Learning

Back 108

Supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
Unconscious

Front 109

Priming

Back 109

benefit in the ability to detect or identify words or objects after recent experience with them

Front 110

Left hemisphere lateralization

Back 110

Language
Praxis

Front 111

Right hemisphere lateralization

Back 111

Prosody
Spatial Representation
Field attention

Front 112

Praxis

Back 112

knowledge of how to use body to interact with world
how to use tools

Front 113

Grips

Back 113

Power
Precision
Hook
Scissor

Front 114

Affordance

Back 114

knowledge of what grip to deploy in unfamiliar situations

Front 115

Praxis anatomy

Back 115

Left inferior parietal lobule
bilateral premotor cortices

Front 116

Receptive apraxia

Back 116

left parietal lesion
bilateral apraxia
unable to discriminate movements

Front 117

Expressive apraxia

Back 117

premotor lesion
contralateral apraxia
able to discriminate movements

Front 118

Right Parietal number skills

Back 118

Subitizing - rapid apprehension of small quantities
Estimating

Front 119

Left Parietal number skills

Back 119

Counting
Arithmetic

Front 120

Gerstmann's syndrome

Back 120

Left parietal lesion
Agraphia
Acalculia
finger agnosia
R/L confusion

Front 121

Causes of Neglect

Back 121

Right middle cerebral artery stroke

Front 122

Anosognosia

Back 122

unilateral unawareness or denial of defects on one side of body

Front 123

Somatophrenia

Back 123

claims that contralateral limbs don't belong to patient

Front 124

Extinction

Back 124

Phenomenon in neglect
Can consciously observe left-field stimuli when not in competition with right-field stimuli

Front 125

Balint's syndrome

Back 125

bilateral parietal lesions
Optic ataxia (can't reach for visual targets)
Ocular apraxia
Simultagnosia