B&b Exam 2

Front 1

cell membrane

Back 1

The semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron.

Front 2

Dendrites

Back 2

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

Front 3

Axon hillock

Back 3

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

Front 4

Axon

Back 4

The long, narrow process that projects rom the cell body.

Front 5

Myelin

Back 5

The fatty insulation around many axons.

Front 6

Cell Body

Back 6

The metabolic center of the neuron. (aka Soma)

Front 7

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 7

The gaps between sections of myelin

Front 8

Buttons

Back 8

The buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses.

Front 9

Synapses.

Back 9

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted.

Front 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 10

a system of folded membranes in the cell body: either help with synthesis of fats or proteins

Front 11

Cytoplasm

Back 11

The clear internal fluid of the cell

Front 12

ribosomes

Back 12

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized

Front 13

golgi complex

Back 13

a connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles.

Front 14

nucleus

Back 14

the spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body

Front 15

mitochondria

Back 15

sites of aerobic energy released

Front 16

microtubules

Back 16

tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

Front 17

synaptic vesicles

Back 17

spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses.

Front 18

neurotransmitters

Back 18

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells.

Front 19

oligodendroglial

Back 19

In the CNS
Produces myelin to wrap around multiple axons

Front 20

Schwann Cells

Back 20

in the PNS
One cell wraps itself to create myelin sheath

Front 21

Astrocytes

Back 21

cover blood vessels
part of blood-brain barrier
in CNS

Front 22

Microglial

Back 22

travel around serving phagocytosis roles
engulfs foreign particles
PNS and CNS

Front 23

Spinal cord

Back 23

"like subway"
sensory information coming in and goes to brain from body
motor information going out of brain and goes to the body.
thicker in some areas and thinner in others
thicker=info from extremities
31 total spinal nerves

Front 24

Cervical part of spinal cord

Back 24

8 vertebrae
8 spinal nerves

Front 25

Thorasic part of spinal cord

Back 25

12 spinal nerves

Front 26

lumbar part of spinal cord

Back 26

5 spinal nerves

Front 27

saccral part of spinal cord

Back 27

5 spinal nerves

Front 28

coccygeal part of spinal cord

Back 28

1 spinal nerve

Front 29

Autonomous Nervous system: PNS and SNS

Back 29

PNS: rest and digest
SNS: fight or flight

Front 30

Sympathetic neurons

Back 30

long postganglionic neuron
short preganglionic neuron
Ach and NE
thoracic and lumbar area of spinal cord

Front 31

Parasympathetic neurons

Back 31

long preganglionic neuron
short postganglionic neuron
Ach
cervical and sacral area of the spinal cord

Front 32

Somatic Nervous system

Back 32

nerves as the approach the spinal cord
dorsal root- SENSORY
ventral root- MOTOR

Front 33

amygdala

Back 33

LIMBIC SYSTEM
temporal lobe
emotions

Front 34

hippocampus

Back 34

LIMBIC SYSTEM
post to anterior
learning and spatial reasoning

Front 35

Anterior thalamus

Back 35

LIMBIC SYSTEM

Front 36

Septal area

Back 36

LIMBIC SYSTEM
emotions
"septal range"

Front 37

Mamillary bodies

Back 37

LIMBIC SYSTEM

Front 38

cingulate gyrus

Back 38

LIMBIC SYSTEM
Limbic ring

Front 39

Globus Pallidus

Back 39

BASAL GANGLIA

Front 40

Caudate Nucleus

Back 40

BASAL GANGLIA

Front 41

Putamen

Back 41

BASAL GANGLIA

Front 42

resting potential achieved in the membrane

Back 42

1. diffusion: high to low conc.
2. hydrostatic pressure: causes water level to equal outside
3. electrostatic pressure
4. semipermeable mem.: not everything can pass through

Front 43

metabatropic receptors

Back 43

act through a secondary messenger usually a G protein for ions to pass through due to the binding of a neurotransmitter
muscarinic receptor: accepts Ach

Front 44

ionotropic receptors

Back 44

(ligand) open cell membrane directly for ions to pass through due to the binding of a neurotransmitter
Nicotinic receptors: Accepts Ach nicatine

Front 45

acetylcholine (Ach)

Back 45

degradation
at all neuromuscular junctions
at most synapses in ANS
two receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic

Front 46

catecholamines:

Back 46

dopamine, NE, Epi
driven by tryosine

Front 47

indolamines

Back 47

seratonine: tryptophan driven
NE: alpha and beta receptors
dopamaine: has 5 receptors

Front 48

Glutanic acid

Back 48

most prevalent excitatory transmitter in human brain

Front 49

GABA

Back 49

gamma-aminobutyric acid
most prevalent inhibitory transmitter in human brain

Front 50

asparate

Back 50

excitatory

Front 51

glycine

Back 51

inhibitory

Front 52

peptides transmitters

Back 52

larger molecule
chains of amino acids together
five subgroups: pituitary, hypothalamic, brain-gut, opiod, and misc.

Front 53

unconventional transmitters

Back 53

NO and CO
short lived so hard to study
endocannabinoids

Front 54

Neurotransmitters created, activated, and deactivated

Back 54

1. NT molecules are synthesized form precursors under the influence of enzymes
2. NT molecules are stored in vesicles
3. NT molecules that leak from their vesicles are destroyed by enzymes
4. Action potentials cause vesicles to fuse w/ the presynaptic membrane and release their NT molecules into the synapse
5. released NT molecules bind w/autoreceptors and inhibit subsequent NT release
6. released NT molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors
7. released NT molecules are deactivated by either reuptake or enzymatic degradation.

Front 55

Agonistic Drug Effects on NT

Back 55

!. drug increase the synthesis of NT: by increasing the amount of precursor
2. drug increases the number of NT molecules by destroying degrading enzymes
3. Drug increases the release of NT molecules from terminal buttons
4. drug binds to autoreceptors and blocks their inhibitory effect or NT release
5. drug binds to postsynaptic receptors and either activates them or increase the effect on them of NT
6. Drug blocks the deactivations of NT molecules by blocking degradations or reuptake

Front 56

Antagonistic Drug effects on NT

Back 56

1. drug blocks the synthese of NT molecules by destroying synthesizing enzymes
2. drug causes the NT molecules to leak from the vesicles and be destroyed by degrading enzymes
3. drug blocks the release of the NT molecules from terminal buttons.
4. drug activates autoreceptors and inhibits neurotransmitter release
5. drug is a receptor blocker; it binds to the postsynaptic receptors anad blocks the effect of the neurotransmitter

Front 57

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Back 57

IPSP
hyperpolarize cell mem. by maxing out the action pot.
less likely than EPSP

Front 58

excitatory post-synaptic potential

Back 58

EPSP
depolarize cell mem makes an action pot
more likely