Bb Chapter 10 Internal Regulation

Front 1

Basal metabolism

Back 1

energy used to maintain a constant body temp at rest. uses 2/3 of our energy kilocalories/day

Front 2

Homeostasis

Back 2

processes which keep body variables in fixed range. temp reg, hunger are nearly homeostatic not exactly

Front 3

set point

Back 3

level which a homeostatic process maintains a variable

Front 4

negative feedback

Back 4

processes that reduce discrepancies from set point

Front 5

allostasis

Back 5

adaptive way in which body changes its set point in response to changes in life or envt

Front 6

poikilothermic

Back 6

animals w/ body temps the same as their envt

Front 7

ectotherms (poikilotherms)

Back 7

not cold blooded, rely on heat from external envt to maintian their body temps

Front 8

endotherms (homeotherms)

Back 8

not warm blooded, able to generate internal metabolic heat to maintain body temp

Front 9

what part of brain helps control temp?

Back 9

hypothalamus

Front 10

homeothermic

Back 10

animals w/ mechanisms to maintain almost constant body temp despite variations in envtl temp

Front 11

avg mammal constant temp

Back 11

37/ 98F

Front 12

brain region most critical for temp control

Back 12

preoptic area/ anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH)

Front 13

How does POA/AH work?

Back 13

monitors its own temp and receives input from temp sensitive skin and spinal cord receptors

Front 14

Do fish, amphibians, and reptiles match the temp of their surroundings?

Back 14

yes

Front 15

do body temp of fish, etc.. fluctuate?

Back 15

no because they choose their location w/in envt

Front 16

Fever progression

Back 16

bacteria/virus release luekocytes which release cytokines. cytokines stimulate vagus nerve. vagus nerve stimulates hypothalamus to initiate a fever

Front 17

Fever above 103F is good or bad?

Back 17

bad

Front 18

What stimulates thirst?

Back 18

Posterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin (ADH) which enables kidneys to reabsorb water thereby secreting highly concentrated urine

Front 19

2 types of thirst

Back 19

thirst due to increase in solute concentrations (osmotic thirst), and thirst due to loss of overall volume (hypoveolemic thirst)

Front 20

osmotic pressure

Back 20

tendency of water to flow across semipermeable membrane from area of low to high conc.

Front 21

osmotic thirst

Back 21

occurs when certain neurons detect their own loss of water

Front 22

organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT)

Back 22

area located around 3rd ventricle, OVLT is most responsible for detecting osmotic pressure

Front 23

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus - located where? control what?

Back 23

located in hypothalamus that control rate at which the post. pit. releases vasopressin (ADH)

Front 24

where are neurons that control drinking located?

Back 24

lateral preoptic area of hypothalamus

Front 25

hypovolemic thirst

Back 25

thirst based on blood volume (and bp) becoming too low so that nutrients cannot get to body's cells

Front 26

baroreceptors

Back 26

attached to veins and determine bp returning to heart

Front 27

Series of events when BP decreases

Back 27

kidneys release renin which activates angiotensinogen to form angiotensin 1 which is then converted to angiotensin 2. constricts blood vessels to reverse loss of blood volume. increases drinking

Front 28

subfornical organ (SFO)

Back 28

adjoins 3rd ventricle of brain, neurons send info to preoptic area after angiotensin stimulates its neurons

Front 29

synergistic effect

Back 29

effect more than sum of two separate effects. ex: angiotenisn and baroreceptors

Front 30

what causes sodium specific cravings?

Back 30

release of aldosterone

Front 31

what does alderstone do?

Back 31

causes kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to conserve sodium and excrete more watery fluids than usual

Front 32

big mac = how many calories

Back 32

530
25 g protein
28 g fat
47 g carb

Front 33

function of alimentary tract

Back 33

provides body w/ continual supply of water, electrolytes, and nutrients

Front 34

path of food

Back 34

mouth, esophagus, stomach (HCl acid), pyloric sphincter, small intestine (main site for nutrient absorption into bloodstream), large intestine (absorbs water and minerals

Front 35

carnivore

Back 35

animal that eats meat

Front 36

herbivore

Back 36

animal that eats plants

Front 37

omnivore

Back 37

animal eats both meat and plants

Front 38

conditioned taste aversions

Back 38

learned dislike of a food based on past experiences w/ the food

Front 39

vagus nerve function

Back 39

carries info to brain regarding stretching of stomach walls, providing satiety

Front 40

splanchnic nerves

Back 40

convery info about nutrient contents of stomach, carrying impulses from spinal cord to digestive organs and back

Front 41

duodenum

Back 41

part of small intestine adjoining stomach

Front 42

what sugar produces satiety and where?

Back 42

glucose, receptors in duodenum

Front 43

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 43

hormone released by duodenum to inhibit appetite by closing sphincter muscle between stomach and duodenum and causing stomach to hold its contents and fill faster; stimulating vagus nerve to send a message to the hypothalamus that releases a chemical similar to CCk

Front 44

insulin

Back 44

facilitates entry of glucose in bloodstream into bodys cells

Front 45

glucagon

Back 45

simtulates liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose

Front 46

diabetics

Back 46

eat more food than usual but lose weight because body's cells are receiving little glucose due to poor insulin blood levels

Front 47

obese people produce mor or less insulin than normal weight people?

Back 47

prodouce more. high levels of insulin causes more food than normal to be stored as fat and their appetite to return soon after a meal

Front 48

arcuate nucleus

Back 48

info form all parts of body regarding hunger impinge into 2 kinds of cells: neurons sensitive to hunger signals, and neurons sensitive to satiety signals

Front 49

neurons sensitive to hunger signals receive input from

Back 49

taste pathways

Front 50

ghrelin

Back 50

released as NT in brain and also in stomach to trigger stomach contractions

Front 51

melanocortin

Back 51

people w/ this mutated gene for receptors of melanocorin overeat and become obese

Front 52

prader-willis syndrome

Back 52

genetic condn marked by mental retardation, short stature, and obesity. ghrelin is 5x normal

Front 53

satiety-sensitive cells

Back 53

include signals of both long term and short term satiety

Front 54

distention of intestine triggers neurons to release the NT ___

Back 54

CCK

Front 55

Insulin blood levels are inc/dec by glood glucose and body fat

Back 55

increased

Front 56

paraventricular nucleus

Back 56

part of hypothalamus that inhibits the lateral hypothalamus which is important for feelings of hunger and satiety

Front 57

hunger sensitive neurons of arcuate nucleus

Back 57

inhibits both paraventricular nucleus and satiety sensitive cells of arcuate nucleus itself

Front 58

name some inhibitory transmitters

Back 58

GABA, neuropeptide Y, agoutirelated peptide

Front 59

What do NPY and AgRP do?

Back 59

block satiety action of paraventricular nucleus and provoke overeating

Front 60

animals w/ damage to what area refuse food and water and may strave to death unless force fed

Back 60

lateral hypothalamus

Front 61

lateral hypothalamus does what?

Back 61

controls feeding

Front 62

damage to lateral hypothalamus causes an animal to refuse food and water. why?

Back 62

axons to NTs leads to change taste sensation and increase salivation. axons to forebrain lead to increased ingestion and swallowing. activated DA neurons lead to reinforcing behaviors. axons to spinal cord control digestive secretions

Front 63

ventromedial hypothalamus damage leads to

Back 63

overeating and weight gain

Front 64

Why does ventromedial hypothalamus lead to weight gain/overeating?

Back 64

aincrease stomach motility and secretions and lasting increase of insulin leads to store in fat

Front 65

what does damage to ventral noradrenergic bundle lead to?

Back 65

excess eating and increased body weight

Front 66

what happens to rats when PVN is damaged? larger meals or more frequent meals?

Back 66

eat larger meals

Front 67

Leptin

Back 67

released by fat cells, circulates through blodo and notifies rest of body about current fat supplies

Front 68

High leptin leads to (inc/dec) hunger?

Back 68

decreased hunger

Front 69

NPY

Back 69

neuromodulator that inhibits PVN leading to INCREASE in eating

Front 70

peopel w/ higher metabolic rates produce more or less heat?

Back 70

produce more heat

Front 71

anorexia nervosa

Back 71

disorder w/ eating much less than one needs. people become thin and sometimes die

Front 72

bulimia nervosa

Back 72

people alternate between dieting and overeating. can force vomiting after meals

Front 73

Do bulimics have high or low peptide YY

Back 73

higher than normal

Front 74

Do bulimics have high or low CCK?

Back 74

lower than normal CCK

Front 75

Do bulimics have decreased or increased serotonin production?

Back 75

decreased

Front 76

Drugs that increase or decrease serotonin are helpful to treat bulimia?

Back 76

increase serotonin activity

Front 77

obesity

Back 77

genes and changes in envt

Front 78

appetite suppresant drugs that help reduce obesity

Back 78

fenfluramine and phentermine block reuptake of NTs to produce brain effects of a completed meal

Front 79

What does sibutramine do?

Back 79

replace fenfluramine and decreases meal size and binge eating by blocking reuptake of serotonin and norep

Front 80

Orlistat

Back 80

drug that prevents intestines form absorbing fats

Front 81

what is gastic bypass surgery?

Back 81

removal or sewing off of a part of the stomach. decreased stomach size allows greater distention and produces satiety

Front 82

symptoms and results of obesity

Back 82

high bp and high cholesterol, shortness of breath, failed attempts at dieting, guilt after binging, limited social activities

Front 83

bulimics can be overweight or underweight?

Back 83

both, and normal weight

Front 84

what % of adolescent females are bulimic?

Back 84

10%

Front 85

symptoms of bulimia

Back 85

binging and purging, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, dry skin/brittle hair, swollen glands under jaw from vomiting (chipmunk cheeks), depression, guilt, fatigue, cold sweats

Front 86

risks of bulimia

Back 86

electrolyte imbalance -, messed up heart beat, heart failure, kidney damage, laxative addiction, throat damage, dental problems, stomach rupture, irregular menstruation

Front 87

symptoms of anorexia

Back 87

wear baggy clothes, lose menstrual cycle, dry cold skin, insomina/ hyperactivity, distorted body image, extreme exercise routines, extreme fear of gaining weight, strict rules, slowed physical/social development

Front 88

health risks of anorexia

Back 88

heart failure, kidney failure, suicide, low protein stores, digestive problems, electrolyte imbalance